Industry landscapes
Industry report

Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE SAN FRANCISCO EDITION 2026

San Francisco’s
ai industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping ai in San Francisco. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for AI Industry Landscape of San Francisco
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

AI illustration
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore San Francisco’s ai leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
AI company highlights in San Francisco, snapshot 4 August 2026
Company
OpenAIopenai.com$184.15B831
Anthropicanthropic.com$74.81B11 roles73
Scale AIscale.com$15.9B11 roles531
Cruisegetcruise.com$7.72B3,326
Anysphereanysphere.inc$3.38B
Perplexityperplexity.ai$1.72B8
Sierrasierra.ai$1.58B
Grammarlygrammarly.com$1.55B659
Interface AIinterface.ai10 roles131
Mercormercor.com10 roles4
Pearsonpearsonlabs.ai10 roles
SafelyYousafely-you.com10 roles85
Labelboxlabelbox.com9 roles88
Meltwatermeltwater.com9 roles3
Algoliaalgolia.com758
Amplemarketamplemarket.com99Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Contextual AIcontextual.aiFinancial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Cursorcursor.com
Dashversedashverse.aiFinancial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Gitlababout.gitlab.com699Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Harveyharvey.ai8
Innovaccerinnovaccer.com1,003Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Samasama.com4,013Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Sensesensehq.com105Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Startup discovery

Recorded classifications only
THE KEY SIGNALS

AI industry KPIs in San Francisco

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

4 August 2026
Hiring participation10.8%

205 of 1,899 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation43.3%

823 of 1,899 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share83.4%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$7M

Midpoint of 1,556 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 83.4% of disclosed capital, while 56.7% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How San Francisco ai has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

San Francisco ai
$0$25.45B$50.9B$76.34B$101.79B2016: $337.44M20162017: $980.65M20172018: $3.96B20182019: $4.44B20192020: $1.8B20202021: $7.91B20212022: $5.38B20222023: $15.72B20232024: $25.02B20242025: $89.29B2025
View the numbers
Annual ai funding and company formation in San Francisco
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$337.44M5743
2017$980.65M8559
2018$3.96B7154
2019$4.44B7588
2020$1.8B11589
2021$7.91B116115
2022$5.38B183127
2023$15.72B320173
2024$25.02B310240
2025$89.29B260272
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • OpenAI55.9%
  • Anthropic22.7%
  • Scale AI4.8%
  • Other companies16.6%

Funding by stage

1,752 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel874 49.9%
Series A–B603 34.4%
Series C+ / PE204 11.6%
Grants, debt & other71 4.1%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
8 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series E05/2026
Sierra $950M

Backed by Tiger Global Management and Google Ventures and others.

Series C05/2026
Decart $300M

Backed by Radical Ventures and Nvidia and others.

Series C05/2026
Exa $250M

Backed by Andreessen Horowitz and Benchmark and others.

Seed05/2026
Luel $31.2M

Backed by General Catalyst and Lightspeed Venture Partners and others.

Seed05/2026
Champ $8.5M

Backed by Redpoint Ventures and Defy and others.

Seed05/2026
Graphon AI $8.3M

Backed by Perplexity Fund and Samsung NEXT and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2023 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 1 reporting entities from 2 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not San Francisco market sales.

Net profit / loss

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities

None of 1 covered entities.

Top-five concentration

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2023 · 1 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

1 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
SAN FRANCISCO · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does ai compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the San Francisco companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

130 of the 1,899 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (6.8%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 456,427 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
ChatGPTchatgpt.com5,633,079,0409922.1%
Claudeclaude.ai988,355,883818%
OpenAIopenai.com561,019,4849446.2%
Patreonpatreon.com217,476,5388158%
Perplexityperplexity.ai165,573,3488310.6%
Grammarlygrammarly.com53,988,6158814.1%
Higgsfieldhiggsfield.ai33,886,2235919.2%
Gammagamma.app27,499,2557224.1%
Cursorcursor.com26,795,9666811.7%
Anthropicanthropic.com22,880,8876731.8%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

115 of these companies (6.1%) publish at least one Android app — 169 apps in all, carrying 1.7B installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
ChatGPTOpenAI1.3B4.8Productivity
Perplexity - Ask AnythingPerplexity122.3M4.6Productivity
Buddy.ai: Kids Learning GamesBuddy61M4.8Education
Grammarly-AI Writing AssistantGrammarly59.6M4.2Productivity
PatreonPatreon23.7M4.7Entertainment
Replika: My AI Friendreplika19.9M4.3Health & Fitness
BodBot AI Workout PlannerBodBot12M4.6Health & Fitness
Feedly - Smarter News ReaderFeedly8M4.5News & Magazines
Glam AI: Video & Photo EditorGlam5.4M4.5Photography
CantinaCantina4.2M4.9Social

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2024Q1–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Artificial Intelligence1331.6BChatGPT 1.3B
Generative Ai291.5BPerplexity - Ask Anything 122.3M
Ai Infrastructure491.3BPatreon 23.7M
Search Engines3125.3MComet: AI Browser & Assistant 3M
K-12 Edtech361.4MBuddy.ai: Kids Learning Games 61M
Productivity Software560.5MGrammarly-AI Writing Assistant 59.6M
Chatbots1326.7MReplika: My AI Friend 19.9M
Fitness & Wellness Tech1112MBodBot AI Workout Planner 12M

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2023Q2: 22023Q2: 02023Q22023Q3: 62023Q3: 32023Q32023Q4: 62023Q4: 02023Q42024Q1: 52024Q1: 22024Q12024Q2: 52024Q2: 12024Q22024Q3: 62024Q3: 22024Q32024Q4: 52024Q4: 62024Q42025Q1: 22025Q1: 22025Q12025Q2: 102025Q2: 22025Q22025Q3: 112025Q3: 142025Q32025Q4: 112025Q4: 172025Q42026Q1: 192026Q1: 212026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 157 of 169 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The San Francisco ai market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Enterprise tech1,471
Enterprise software1,162
Saas1,011
Deep tech819
Consumer digital298
Native ai in software development215
Native ai in marketing114
Fintech112
No code ai platforms112
Native ai in financial services106
Healthtech103
Native ai in healthcare103

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Enterprise tech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

1471companies
12.0%have hiring activity

177 companies hiring · $327.27B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription1,776
Advertising45
Commission on transaction44
Fee-for-service38
E-commerce - service27
E-commerce - product19
Physical commerce9
Licensing8
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
IPO activityanthropic.com ↗

All told, about $1.5 billion is expected to be committed, the people said.

Mergers & acquisitionsopenai.com ↗

OpenAI Agrees To Buy Windsurf AI Coding Tool for USD 3 Billion, Marking Its Largest Acquisition Yet: Report.

Funding roundsfunctionize.com ↗

Functionize, an AI-powered software testing platform, has raised $41 million in Series B funding.

Mergers & acquisitionsportkey.ai ↗

US-based cybersecurity giant Palo Alto Networks has announced its intent to acquire AI infrastructure startup Portkey, marking a strategic move to strengthen its capabilities in securing the rapidly growing ecosystem of AI agents.

Mergers & acquisitionsouterbounds.com ↗

Anaconda has acquired workflow development software vendor Outerbounds to enhance its enterprise AI platform capabilities.

Mergers & acquisitionscognition.ai ↗

Cognition is acquiring Havana, a Singapore-based startup specializing in AI agents, with its team integrating into regional engineering and product functions.

Funding roundstextql.com ↗

TextQL has raised $17M anchored by Blackstone Innovations Investments.

Mergers & acquisitionscursor.com ↗

If it decides not to proceed with the purchase, SpaceX will instead pay Cursor $10 billion over time for what it calls 'AI collaboration'.

Mergers & acquisitionsanysphere.inc ↗

SpaceX secured an option to acquire Anysphere, the parent company of AI coding startup Cursor, for USD 60 billion.

Capital infusionshiggsfield.ai ↗

The record year was largely driven by two landmark deals--Higgsfield's USD 130 million Series A and Uzum's USD 65.5 million round--which together accounted for 61 per cent of total funding.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 2,964 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Funding rounds
841
Leadership moves
453
Contracts
311
Company announcements
301
New products
264
Mergers & acquisitions
260
Lawsuit
165
Capital infusions
118
Earnings
84
Job creation
57
7 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

138 tracked people moves

OpenAI ↗
Fidji Simo

Resignation Previously Product and Business Chief

OpenAI ↗
James Dyett

Departure Operator in Residence

OpenAI ↗
Kate Rouch

Resignation Previously Marketing Chief

Anthropic ↗
Sana Ouji

Appointment Senior Energy and Data Centre Executive

Anthropic ↗
VAS Narasimhan

Appointment Board Member

Anthropic ↗
Reed Hastings

Appointment Board Member

Mercor ↗
Surya Midha

Appointment Board Chairman

Clockwise ↗
Gary Lerhaupt

Departure

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

OpenAI ↗
AI Finance Agents Partnership with PwC

AI Partnership

Anthropic ↗
Financial Services AI Agents

AI Agents

Anthropic ↗
Claude Integration with Microsoft Office

AI Integration

OpenAI ↗
OpenAI Models and Codex on AWS

AI Models

Streamline ↗
Featherline

Autonomous contract review AI

Streamline ↗
Velo Copilot

Coordinating AI agent

Algolia ↗
Shopify integration enhancements

Integration

Cresta ↗
Cresta Knowledge Agent

Customer Experience AI

Contract wins

90 recorded customer wins

OpenAI ↗

Customer: customers bankCommercial Banking

OpenAI ↗

Customer: microsoftTechnology

Cursor ↗

Customer: xaiTechnology

Anysphere ↗

Customer: spacexArtificial Intelligence

Cursor ↗

Customer: spacexAI

Anthropic ↗

Customer: amazonArtificial intelligence

Workforce actions

7 companies with reported reductions

Sama ↗

1,108 rolescontract termination

OpenAI ↗

10 rolesbusiness consolidation

Artisan ↗

46 rolescost reduction

Cruise ↗

12 rolescost reduction

Cognition ↗

30 rolesinternal restructuring

Insitro ↗

Scale not stated rolesprudence

Regulatory events

26 recorded events

OpenAI ↗

approved the first insurer AI app on ChatGPTOpenAI

Perplexity ↗

legal warning and cease‑and‑desist noticeAmazon

OpenAI ↗

approval pendingCalifornia and Delaware

OpenAI ↗

concerns presentedEuropean Commission

Litigation

27 tracked suits

Company
Elon Musk v openai, Sam Altman

misuse of nonprofit missionCivil · Ongoing

Company
Elon Musk v openai

Alleged deviation from nonprofit mission by OpenAICivil · Ongoing

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

16companies
75period observations
25.0%median reported growth

Median across 47 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
OpenAIWindsurf AI Coding ToolAnnounced2026-05-04$3.0B
palo alto networksportkeyAnnounced2026-05-04Not stated in snapshot
anacondaouterboundsAnnounced2026-05-01Not stated in snapshot
CognitionhavanaAnnounced2026-04-29Not stated in snapshot
spacexCursor ↗Announced2026-04-23$60.0B
microsoftCursor ↗Terminated2026-04-23$60.0B

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

75,920 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 84,746-posting snapshot covers 434 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Remote Graphic & Ux/Ui Designer Talent Network Ai Trainer ($60 $80 Per Hour)708
Remote Machine Learning Engineer Talent Network Ai Trainer ($70 $250 Per Hour)538
Remote Software Engineer (Ai Native Platform & Integrations) Ai Trainer ($70 $110 Per Hour)529
Registered Nurse (Rn) Full Green Card Sponsorship528
Remote Business Intelligence Analyst Talent Network Ai Trainer ($70 $120 Per Hour)509
Remote Coding Manager / Him Coding Leader Ai Trainer ($80 $80 Per Hour)493
6 internship postings

60,584 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

9,440 postings specify a level.

unspecified
75,306
manager
5,476
senior
2,516
entry
587
lead
537
intern
324

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 84,746 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Python
3,271
Sql
2,516
Analytics
2,341
Excel
1,825
Data Annotation
1,798
Research
1,694
Engineering
1,691
Linguistics
1,691
Policy
1,687
Llm
1,493
ADVERTISED PAY$124.8K/ year

Median across 36,498 postings with pay data, expressed in USD.

Salary by seniority

manager$166.4K/ year2,050 postings
senior$166.4K/ year425 postings
lead$124.8K/ year81 postings
intern$166.4K/ year101 postings

Advertised posting medians do not describe all employees or roles.

THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

2,054 founders and chief executives across 1,124 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

835 profiles with education records.

Stanford University
159
University of California (Berkeley)
93
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
75
Harvard University
63
Carnegie Mellon University
45
Stanford Business School
34
University of Pennsylvania
29
Cornell University
26

Prior employers

293 profiles with prior-work records.

Google
110
Microsoft
49
Facebook
39
Amazon
30
Uber
21
Apple
20
McKinsey
16
Cisco
12

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

30,390 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
30,390articles in the measured year
7,524articles in 2026Q1
74.4%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

AI coverage tagged San Francisco · articles per complete quarter

02,5085,0167,52410,0332021Q2: 3,2302021Q22021Q3: 4,2052021Q4: 2,9122022Q1: 4,1832022Q2: 3,6942022Q22022Q3: 3,3242022Q4: 3,9712023Q1: 5,4142023Q2: 7,2492023Q22023Q3: 5,6442023Q4: 6,4252024Q1: 6,3862024Q2: 6,3082024Q22024Q3: 6,4472024Q4: 6,2012025Q1: 8,7242025Q2: 6,7992025Q22025Q3: 8,2042025Q4: 6,9292026Q1: 7,5242026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q23,230
2021Q34,205
2021Q42,912
2022Q14,183
2022Q23,694
2022Q33,324
2022Q43,971
2023Q15,414
2023Q27,249
2023Q35,644
2023Q46,425
2024Q16,386
2024Q26,308
2024Q36,447
2024Q46,201
2025Q18,724
2025Q26,799
2025Q38,204
2025Q46,929
2026Q17,524

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
9,804 positive · 69 neutral · 2,407 negative
2022
11,578 positive · 106 neutral · 3,475 negative
2023
17,868 positive · 129 neutral · 6,714 negative
2024
18,706 positive · 167 neutral · 6,447 negative
2025
22,784 positive · 135 neutral · 7,699 negative

Leading coverage topics

AI coverage tagged San Francisco · ranked by full-period article count.

Cryptocurrency Impact On Forex Markets54,305 articles in the full recorded period
22,827 recent · 12,224 prior
New Product Launches And Innovations45,975 articles in the full recorded period
14,848 recent · 11,133 prior
Technology Adoption And Digital Transformation41,410 articles in the full recorded period
12,996 recent · 10,185 prior
Strategic Partnerships And Collaborations37,461 articles in the full recorded period
12,664 recent · 8,717 prior
College Athletics News33,026 articles in the full recorded period
6,730 recent · 16,535 prior
Artificial Intelligence Advancements32,181 articles in the full recorded period
12,544 recent · 8,935 prior
Executive Leadership Changes And Appointments27,800 articles in the full recorded period
8,273 recent · 6,061 prior
Sports History And Legacy Stories24,526 articles in the full recorded period
19,331 recent · 1,659 prior
International Political Relations22,380 articles in the full recorded period
6,617 recent · 4,334 prior
Security And Defense Policies21,442 articles in the full recorded period
6,674 recent · 4,637 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

United States comparison coverage

KeywordRecentPriorChange
responsible ai5,2743,39355%
ai regulation compliance4,9243,23552%
stablecoin fx impact3,241932248%
artemis program2,5042081104%
startup news2,178574279%
quarterly results1,9981,30753%
quarterly financials1,9951,30053%
decentralized forex1,977680191%
ceo change1,9271,12671%
financial report1,8591,26048%
college playoffs9275,847-84%
college football finals3671,965-81%
ncaa championship game2741,762-84%
national championship game3211,649-81%
mlb team standings4431,418-69%

Event and signal lenses

United States comparison coverage

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

748,659 classified articles

ai regulation compliance, responsible ai, stock performance

52.5% critical · 37.8% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

212,572 classified articles

neural network ventures, ai infrastructure financing, ai chip investments

45.0% critical · 56.0% positive
Rising

Growth

305,305 classified articles

earnings report, quarterly results, quarterly financials

43.6% critical · 49.4% positive

AI coverage tagged San Francisco. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What AI research is working on

5,214 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
5,214papers
37,758worldwide comparison pool
5,214India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Breakthrough
2,507
Descriptive
942
Promising
844
Problem-identifying
422
Cautionary
180
Comparative
166
Critical
153

Contribution mix

Methods-led
2,872
Empirical
1,251
Reviews
557
Theoretical
326
Position pieces
208

Tone counts: 4,650 positive · 418 neutral · 146 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
575 papers · 11.0% of this field
  • Cognition37 papers
  • Software deployment25 papers
  • Architecture17 papers
  • Product17 papers
  • Applications of artificial intelligence15 papers
  • Robotics14 papers
  • Perception14 papers
  • Constraint14 papers

Landmark: "Why Should I Trust You?"

Cautions
180 papers · 3.5% of this field
  • Software deployment9 papers
  • Robustness8 papers
  • Perception8 papers
  • MEDLINE8 papers
  • Pattern recognition8 papers
  • Benchmark7 papers
  • Generative grammar7 papers
  • Random forest7 papers

Landmark: Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California’s Tobacco Control Program

Opportunities
3,351 papers · 64.3% of this field
  • Pattern recognition166 papers
  • Convolutional neural network162 papers
  • Benchmark148 papers
  • Robustness123 papers
  • Scalability100 papers
  • Cognition94 papers
  • Representation93 papers
  • Interpretability88 papers

Landmark: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks

Leading institutions

Google
825,421
University of California, Berkeley
417,458
Stanford University
333,419
Microsoft
265,602
University of Washington
189,131
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
184,308

Leading researchers

Ross Girshick
191,435
Kaiming He
153,194
Christian Szegedy
126,224
Ilya Sutskever
124,743
Koichiro Tamura
108,834
Glen Stecher
108,834
Richard Socher
107,709
Jian Sun
106,182

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks75,550 citations
  • Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python63,388 citations
  • ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database60,625 citations
  • Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks52,930 citations
  • MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.047,711 citations

Common problems researchers identify

1,460 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Fundamental AI Theory GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Fundamental AI Theory Gaps

405 papers

27.7% of this theme group

Researchers highlight unresolved issues in cognition, grammar, pattern recognition, and deep neural network foundations.

Cognition (22) · Generative grammar (12) · Pattern recognition (9) · Deep neural networks (9)

Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward

Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomy

View research history
YearShare index
2022123.6
2023135.8
2024149.5
2025216.9
Cloud Scalability ChallengesCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Cloud Scalability Challenges

311 papers

21.3% of this theme group

Papers point to difficulties in scaling cloud infrastructures and managing operating‑system provisioning.

Cloud computing (276) · Scalability (40) · Operating system (23) · Provisioning (15)

Cloud Computing: Distributed Internet Computing for IT and Scientific Research

Big data and cloud computing

View research history
YearShare index
2022380.5
2023360.6
2024361.8
2025368.2
AI Integration with Big DataCommon problems researchers identify · 03

AI Integration with Big Data

212 papers

14.5% of this theme group

Works discuss obstacles when embedding AI into large‑scale data pipelines and automated software deployment.

Applications of artificial intelligence (17) · Big data (32) · Automation (21) · Software deployment (24)

Real-Time AI-Powered Predictive Analytics in Cloud-Based Healthcare Platforms: From Concept to Implementation

The Intelligent Ledger: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Cloud Power to Revolutionize Finance, Credit, and Security

View research history
YearShare index
2022160.9
2023163.5
2024179.4
2025335.6
Integrated Circuit ReliabilityCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Integrated Circuit Reliability

196 papers

13.4% of this theme group

Studies expose reliability and process‑variation problems across mixed‑signal and transistor‑level designs.

Integrated circuit (29) · Transistor (20) · Electronic circuit (18) · Mixed-signal integrated circuit (13)

Reliability- and Process-variation aware design of integrated circuits — A broader perspective

Robust and resilient designs from the bottom-up: Technology, CAD, circuit, and system issues

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YearShare index
202246.7
202345.8
202436.5
202537.3
Cloud Security and PrivacyCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Cloud Security and Privacy

188 papers

12.9% of this theme group

Authors flag security vulnerabilities and privacy concerns inherent to cloud computing environments.

Computer security (75) · Cloud computing security (56) · Cloud computing (156) · Internet privacy (16)

Security and Privacy Challenges in Cloud Computing Environments

An analysis of security issues for cloud computing

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YearShare index
2022579.3
2023573.4
2024604.3
2025446.5
Aerosol‑Cloud Interaction UncertaintyCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Aerosol‑Cloud Interaction Uncertainty

90 papers

6.2% of this theme group

Research identifies gaps in understanding aerosol effects on cloud formation and climate modeling.

Aerosol (23) · Atmospheric sciences (15) · Climatology (12) · Cloud computing (59)

Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol−cloud interactions in the climate system

Review of Aerosol–Cloud Interactions: Mechanisms, Significance, and Challenges

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YearShare index
202239.2
202339.8
202438.2
202537.0
Edge‑Cloud Coordination IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Edge‑Cloud Coordination Issues

58 papers

4.0% of this theme group

Papers note challenges in data rates, edge device constraints, and seamless cloud integration.

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (33) · Edge computing (31) · Edge device (19) · Cloud computing (46)

Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges

The Promise of Edge Computing

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YearShare index
202263.1
202362.2
202463.7
202586.3

Cautions

509 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

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Evaluation and Overfitting RisksCautions · 01

Evaluation and Overfitting Risks

119 papers

23.4% of this theme group

Works caution against benchmark misuse, overfitting, and statistical pitfalls in pattern‑recognition models.

Pattern recognition (7) · Benchmark (8) · Random forest (6) · Statistical analysis (5)

Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters

Making better M <scp>axent</scp> models of species distributions: complexity, overfitting and evaluation

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YearShare index
202261.3
202366.5
202450.8
202594.5
Cloud Deployment ThreatsCautions · 02

Cloud Deployment Threats

107 papers

21.0% of this theme group

Authors warn of vulnerabilities, virtualization risks, and scalability limits in cloud‑based scientific workflows.

Cloud computing (98) · Operating system (14) · Virtualization (11) · Scalability (14)

On the Use of Cloud Computing for Scientific Workflows

A survey of risks, threats and vulnerabilities in cloud computing

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YearShare index
2022379.7
2023359.8
2024362.1
2025368.1
Atmospheric Modeling BiasesCautions · 03

Atmospheric Modeling Biases

83 papers

16.3% of this theme group

Studies highlight systematic errors and observational gaps in aerosol and cloud climate simulations.

Atmospheric sciences (29) · Aerosol (24) · Meteorology (23) · Climatology (15)

Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed‐phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. I: single‐layer clou

Exposing Global Cloud Biases in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Using Satellite Observations and Their Corresponding Instrument Simulat

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YearShare index
2022134.8
2023132.1
2024122.7
202596.1
3D IC Design and YieldCautions · 04

3D IC Design and Yield

59 papers

11.6% of this theme group

Papers discuss manufacturing, interconnection, and testing challenges that threaten high‑yield 3D integrated circuits.

Three-dimensional integrated circuit (12) · Integrated circuit (12) · Interconnection (11) · Electronic circuit (11)

Design automation and testing of monolithic 3D ICs: Opportunities, challenges, and solutions: (Invited paper)

Assembly challenges in developing 3D IC package with ultra high yield and high reliability

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YearShare index
202214.6
202313.5
202410.6
202516.1
Generative AI TransparencyCautions · 05

Generative AI Transparency

58 papers

11.4% of this theme group

Works raise ethical and interpretability concerns surrounding AI‑generated text and its impact on education.

MEDLINE (6) · Generative grammar (6) · Transparency (4) · Applications of artificial intelligence (4)

Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative con

Students’ perceptions and responsible adoption of artificial intelligence in education: Ethical considerations, impacts, and academic perfor

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YearShare index
202269.5
202386.6
2024108.7
2025168.2
Radiative Transfer Modeling LimitsCautions · 06

Radiative Transfer Modeling Limits

53 papers

10.4% of this theme group

Research points to uncertainties in cloud radiative forcing and satellite‑based retrieval accuracy.

Radiative transfer (13) · Cloud computing (32) · Satellite (11) · Radiative forcing (5)

Effects of cloud horizontal inhomogeneity and drizzle on remote sensing of cloud droplet effective radius: Case studies based on large‐eddy

Experimental Investigation of Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer to a Dilute Particle Cloud in a Subatmospheric Environment

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YearShare index
202248.9
202349.5
202446.5
202544.8
Adversarial and Covert ExploitsCautions · 07

Adversarial and Covert Exploits

30 papers

5.9% of this theme group

Studies expose vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks and hidden channels in AI training pipelines.

Adversarial system (5) · Exploit (4) · Training set (3) · Covert (3)

Ensemble Adversarial Training: Attacks and Defenses

Invisible Leaks: Covert Channel Exploitation in In-Sensor Computing System

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YearShare index
202287.5
202382.7
202459.6
202599.0

Opportunities

9,438 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

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Scalable Edge‑Cloud AI SystemsOpportunities · 01

Scalable Edge‑Cloud AI Systems

1,434 papers

23.9% of this theme group

Opportunities focus on distributed computing frameworks that combine edge processing with cloud scalability.

Cloud computing (1,211) · Scalability (269) · Distributed computing (145) · Edge computing (128)

AI-Driven Automation and Reliability Engineering: Optimizing Cloud Infrastructure for Zero Downtime and Scalable Performance

Seamless Integration of Edge-Cloud Computing and Distributed Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Framework for Next-Generation Applicat

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YearShare index
2022226.6
2023225.8
2024186.1
2025260.8
Advanced Language ModelingOpportunities · 02

Advanced Language Modeling

1,184 papers

19.7% of this theme group

Papers explore new architectures and generative techniques for natural language understanding and generation.

Cognition (40) · Generative grammar (46) · Language model (28) · Natural language processing (33)

A unified architecture for natural language processing

InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing\n Generative Adversarial Nets

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YearShare index
2022141.9
2023161.0
2024167.1
2025241.3
Next‑Generation 3D Chip DesignOpportunities · 03

Next‑Generation 3D Chip Design

981 papers

16.4% of this theme group

Research proposes novel methodologies for testing, optimizing, and fabricating three‑dimensional integrated circuits.

Integrated circuit (149) · Electronic circuit (113) · Chip (85) · Three-dimensional integrated circuit (71)

A Test Integration Methodology for 3D Integrated Circuits

Hierarchical Analog/Mixed-Signal Circuit Optimization Under Process Variations and Tuning

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YearShare index
202244.1
202342.5
202434.6
202533.9
Deep Vision and SegmentationOpportunities · 04

Deep Vision and Segmentation

829 papers

13.8% of this theme group

Works present breakthroughs in convolutional networks for object detection, image segmentation, and medical imaging.

Convolutional neural network (120) · Pattern recognition (105) · Segmentation (59) · Image (35)

Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal\n Networks

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer-Aided Detection: CNN Architectures, Dataset Characteristics and Transfer Learning

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YearShare index
2022248.0
2023246.6
2024194.1
2025272.9
Secure Cloud ComputingOpportunities · 05

Secure Cloud Computing

760 papers

12.7% of this theme group

Studies develop encryption, access‑control, and privacy‑preserving AI techniques for cloud‑based services.

Cloud computing (573) · Encryption (105) · Computer security (124) · Access control (38)

Optimizing Cloud Security with Machine Learning: Predicting and Preventing Vulnerabilities in Distributed Systems

Privacy-Aware AI in cloud-telecom convergence: A federated learning framework for secure data sharing

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YearShare index
2022505.5
2023509.1
2024541.5
2025414.2
Real‑Time Atmospheric Data FusionOpportunities · 06

Real‑Time Atmospheric Data Fusion

481 papers

8.0% of this theme group

Papers highlight methods for integrating point‑cloud and satellite data to improve cloud and aerosol monitoring.

Point cloud (111) · Cloud computing (314) · Meteorology (48) · Aerosol (47)

Near-real time cloud retrievals from operational and research meteorological satellites

Opinion: Inferring process from snapshots of cloud systems

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YearShare index
2022159.3
2023158.1
2024141.5
2025114.3
Smart Grid Energy ManagementOpportunities · 07

Smart Grid Energy Management

331 papers

5.5% of this theme group

Research advances coordinated control and optimization of microgrids within broader smart‑energy infrastructures.

Energy management (118) · Energy management system (76) · Microgrid (59) · Smart grid (55)

Energy Management of Multiple Microgrids Based on a System of Systems Architecture

Operation and Coordinated Energy Management in Multi-Microgrids for Improved and Resilient Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Power

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YearShare index
202230.0
202330.6
202429.5
202528.9

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Breakthrough48.1%26.2%
Descriptive18.1%17.5%
Promising16.2%37.2%
Problem-identifying8.1%9.6%
Cautionary3.5%4.5%
Comparative3.2%3.9%
Critical2.9%1.1%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceFake News Detection on Social Media4012.99%87 (21.7%)2.59%
Energy & datacenter footprintEnergy aware consolidation for cloud computing1431.07%19 (13.3%)1.09%
Safety & misuseWhy do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory390.29%13 (33.3%)0.29%
Water useAI-Optimized Cooling in Cloud Data Centers: A Feasibility Analysis; Environmental Strategies of the Cloud Computing Indu340.25%4 (11.8%)0.16%
Carbon & emissions of computeMeasuring the Carbon Intensity of AI in Cloud Instances130.1%2 (15.4%)0.08%
Bias & fairnessDouble/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters120.09%5 (41.7%)0.09%
Concentration of compute powerGeopolitical ecologies of cloud capitalism: Territorial restructuring and the making of national computing power in the 90.07%4 (44.4%)0.04%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainToo many bits: tackling the waste epidemic in digital medicine80.06%2 (25.0%)0.03%
Labour & data workRobots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets40.03%1 (25.0%)0.03%

Research orientation and citation rankings describe the covered collection. Its recorded publication dates do not support an overall publication-volume trend.

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

INNOVATION SIGNALS

Who files AI patents in San Francisco

Published patent filings in the recorded source window.

Expand panel +
197filings 2018–2025
6assignees
39peak annual filings

Filing momentum

0112234452018: 220182019: 2520192020: 2820202021: 3120212022: 3920222023: 2220232024: 2720242025: 232025

Who files the most

Standard Cognition
116
Samsara
21
Square
21
Affirm
18
Discord
15
Intercom
6
UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

AI in San Francisco: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

Company ecosystem snapshot: 4 August 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon