Industry landscapes
The companies, capital and talent shaping auto in Spain. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.
An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.
24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.
Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗
No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.
Explore classified startups in Radar ↗A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.
28 of 680 tracked companies have open roles.
30 of 680 tracked companies have a recorded round.
Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.
Midpoint of 62 rounds with a disclosed amount.
Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 88.8% of disclosed capital, while 95.6% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.
Explore the segments →Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.
Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD
| Year | Funding (USD) | Founded | Raising |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $470.08M | 21 | 4 |
| 2017 | $3.44M | 26 | 4 |
| 2018 | $20.72M | 20 | 7 |
| 2019 | $6.95M | 27 | 4 |
| 2020 | $9.79M | 27 | 6 |
| 2021 | $11.47M | 28 | 5 |
| 2022 | $31.69M | 13 | 4 |
| 2023 | $28.09M | 9 | 8 |
| 2024 | $891.81K | 1 | 1 |
| 2025 | $61.75M | 1 | 3 |
Share of all disclosed company funding.
71 recorded rounds since 2016
Recorded participation in auto company rounds since 2016.
Backed by Maniv Mobility and Autotech Ventures and others.
Backed by Mutua Madrilena and Orilla Asset Management and others.
Backed by Orilla Asset Management and Autotech Ventures and others.
Backed by Mountain Partners and R-301 Capital and others.
Backed by Stride and Bonsai Partners and others.
Backed by Inveready.
Backed by Athos Capital and Demium and others.
Backed by Return.
Backed by Lazpiur and EASO.
Backed by Antai Ventures.
No reviewed exact national-ID connector has yet been qualified for Spain; this is a checked implementation boundary, not evidence that filings are absent.; No reviewed exact national-ID connector has yet been qualified for Spain; this is a checked implementation boundary, not evidence that filings are absent.
How the Spain companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.
25 of the 680 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (3.7%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 240,232 visits.
| Company | Monthly visits | Authority | Mobile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coches.netcoches.net | 12,172,248 | 70 | 75.4% |
| Toyotatoyota.es | 1,929,309 | 68 | 78% |
| Autocasion.comautocasion.com | 898,688 | 53 | 79.8% |
| Clicarsclicars.com | 867,359 | 47 | 84.2% |
| ford motor spainford.es | 511,880 | 50 | 79.4% |
| Carnovocarnovo.com | 511,346 | 31 | 91.5% |
| Mercedes-Benzmercedes-benz.es | 468,182 | 58 | 59.9% |
| Mazdamazda.es | 343,850 | 49 | 72.6% |
| Drivaliadrivalia.com | 327,553 | 42 | 55.1% |
| Bike occasionbike-ocasion.com | 274,370 | 39 | 80.6% |
Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.
44 of these companies (6.5%) publish at least one Android app — 77 apps in all, carrying 10.4M installs between them.
| App | Installs | Rating | Store category |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coches.net Coches Segunda ManoCoches.net | 8.2M | 4.1 | Auto & Vehicles |
| AutocasiónAutocasion.com | 561.3K | 4.5 | Auto & Vehicles |
| My CUPRA AppCUPRA | 480.7K | — | Auto & Vehicles |
| My SEAT AppSEAT | 395.4K | — | Auto & Vehicles |
| Direct SegurosDirect Seguros | 346.1K | 3 | Auto & Vehicles |
| SmartTDTAXITRONIC | 126.9K | — | Productivity |
| Drivalia e+SHAREDrivalia | 100.1K | — | Auto & Vehicles |
| ClevereaCleverea | 78.7K | — | Finance |
| YO en SEATSEAT | 20.8K | — | Productivity |
| Audioledcar Accesorios CocheAudioledcar | 13.8K | — | Auto & Vehicles |
Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.
The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q1–2025Q4).
| Segment | Apps | Installs | Leading app | Release trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auto Retail & Aftersales | 47 | 9.3M | Coches.net Coches Segunda Mano 8.2M | |
| Auto E-Commerce & Content | 8 | 9.2M | Autocasión 561.3K | |
| Auto Brands | 10 | 917.5K | My CUPRA App 480.7K | |
| Insurance It | 2 | 424.8K | Direct Seguros 346.1K | |
| Auto Components | 21 | 169K | SmartTD 126.9K | |
| Car Rentals | 3 | 114.8K | Drivalia e+SHARE 100.1K |
A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.
New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.
Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 32 of 77 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2025Q4, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.
Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.
Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.
Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.
The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.
1 companies hiring · $103.24M disclosed funding
Explore in RadarCommon revenue models; a company can use more than one.
Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.
Shriram Pistons & Rings Limited (SPRL), a leading Indian automotive components maker, has embarked on a major strategic expansion by signing a share purchase agreement to acquire three key operations of Spain-based Grupo Antolin in India for an enterprise value of approximately €159 million (about ₹1,670 crore).
Recomotor, distributor of recovered parts for workshops and automotive professionals, continues its expansion with the acquisition of a new scrapping in Sant Andreu de la Barca (Barcelona).
Mahindra & Mahindra on Thursday said its subsidiary has sold 3.58 per cent stake in CIE Automotive S.A for around 119 million euros.
Through this important acquisition we are further strengthening Nefab’s market position not only in Spain but also South Europe, as well as enhancing our capability to support customers in key segments like LiB (Lithium‑ion Batteries) and e‑mobility.
Fagor Ederlan, Eskoriatza cooperative of the Mondragon Group, has acquired 51% of the US company Regen Aluminium, specialized in the production of recycled aluminium ingots in an operation that, on the one hand, strengthens its presence in the US and, on the other, reaffirms its commitment to sustainability, as reported in a statement.
The European Investment Bank (EIB) has signed a €30 million loan agreement with Teknia, a leading Spanish supplier of automotive components.
The Spanish venture capital manager Seaya, through the Seaya Andromeda vehicle, has acquired a minority stake in Cuimo, an online sales company for reconditioned motorcycles that has reached a turnover of 1.5 million per month in just two years.
Mundimoto, a motorbike purchase and rental platform, closes a EUR 21.1 million financing round led by Orilla Asset Management, the fund of Francisco Riberas, president of Gestamp, and Endeavor, the international business community that became part of the company’s shareholder base through this round.
Vienna, 7 March 2025 – Wolf Theiss has advised SAPA S.p.A. (“SAPA”), a leading Italian automotive supplier, on its acquisition of 100% of Megatech Industries AG (“Megatech”), a European company specialising in plastic injection moulding for the mobility sector.
With the purchase of Grupo Salco we increase the weight of the industrial business of Rodi in Galicia in a very significant way,
Top 10 categories among 139 recorded events in the 24-month window.
1 companies with recorded IPO activity
OFS1 reports
8 tracked people moves
Appointment Chairman of Seat
Appointment Director of Culture and Organizational Development
Appointment Executive Chairman
Appointment Corporate Director
Appointment Head of Inventory
Departure Previously Chief Executive Officer
Appointment Chief Executive Officer
Appointment Independent Member of the Board
Products, platforms and features in the recorded window
Car
Fleet management platform
Vehicle bundling feature
5 recorded customer wins
Customer: OEMsAutomotive and Mobility
Customer: Armed Forces of SingaporeDefense
Customer: workers\' representativesAutomotive
Customer: a&m groupAgriculture, construction and landscaping
Customer: Tuvisa
4 companies with reported reductions
50 rolescost reduction
320 rolesfinancial imbalance
1.2% rolesbusiness downturn
1,500 rolestariff risk
5 recorded events
obligated to pay 100% variable paymentsCourt of the Instance of the Social Order
rejected by CGT union
green lightCNMV
European Union
Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.
| Acquirer → target | Status | Date | Value / context |
|---|---|---|---|
| nefab group→flome ↗ | Announced | 2026-04-07 | Not stated in snapshot |
| shriram pistons & rings→Grupo Antolin ↗ | Announced | 2025-12-16 | Not stated in snapshot |
| Remotor→Barcelona | Announced | 2025-12-13 | Not stated in snapshot |
| Remotor→Desguaces Vinaròs | Announced | 2025-12-13 | Not stated in snapshot |
| Na→CIE Automotive ↗ | Announced | 2025-12-06 | Not stated in snapshot |
| CIE Automotive→weidplas | Completed | 2025-09-17 | Not stated in snapshot |
A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.
17 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 112-posting snapshot covers 93 employers.
1 tracked postings mention remote work.
20 postings specify a level.
| Company | Open roles |
|---|---|
| Gestamp ↗ | 10 |
| Applus+ IDIADA ↗ | 10 |
| PIERBURG ↗ | 6 |
| Grupo Cosmos XXI ↗ | 3 |
| Ficosa ↗ | 3 |
| Grupo Antolin ↗ | 3 |
| Antolin ↗ | 2 |
| Gruas Carter ↗ | 2 |
| Company | Employees |
|---|---|
| Antolin ↗ | 24,000 |
| Feu Vert (Spain) ↗ | 6,500 |
| fagor ederlan ↗ | 4,000 |
| Teknia ↗ | 3,000 |
| CIE Automotive ↗ | 1,485 |
| Grupo Antolin ↗ | 1,300 |
| Gestamp ↗ | 696 |
| auto cristal ralarsa ↗ | 500 |
99 founders and chief executives across 79 companies.
IESE Business School MBA 2020
Co-Founder Caizam Composites, Beba's Closet, ex-TECSIS, Co-Founder WindCom, Bain & Company. Imperial College London MEng 1999…
Co-Founder Antai Venture Builder, WallaPop, Globo, Founder BeRepublic, Garapa Investments, platanomelon, ex-Co-Founder ChicPlace, BeOne Telecom…
Alliance for Road Safety, ex-INGECIBER. University Carlos 2006
Ex-Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Shargo, Bogas Media. Open University of Catalonia BBA 2016, Polytechnic University of Catalonia BSc 2014 & MSc 2016
DME GT Club, Drive Me Barcelona, Drive Me Group. Oxford Brookes University MSc 2010
Ex-MUNDICAR SAU, Medimotors Premium Alicante, MUNDICAR SAU
IESE Business School MBA 1991
Ex-Bank of Spain, Quatrecasas . University of Valencia 2014, IE Business School 2015
Ex-Curiba, Mitula Group, Buy It Mobile Marketing. National University of Distance Education 2012
Autonomous University of Madrid 2013, UNED 2015
Ex-Dentaid, Founder Go2Pade.
4 profiles with education records.
1 profiles with prior-work records.
Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.
332,972 articles in the measured 12-month window.
Auto coverage across Spain · articles per complete quarter
| Quarter | Articles |
|---|---|
| 2021Q2 | 47,983 |
| 2021Q3 | 52,478 |
| 2021Q4 | 43,048 |
| 2022Q1 | 49,084 |
| 2022Q2 | 53,546 |
| 2022Q3 | 54,238 |
| 2022Q4 | 65,932 |
| 2023Q1 | 67,459 |
| 2023Q2 | 63,380 |
| 2023Q3 | 71,575 |
| 2023Q4 | 57,272 |
| 2024Q1 | 69,414 |
| 2024Q2 | 79,161 |
| 2024Q3 | 86,172 |
| 2024Q4 | 83,359 |
| 2025Q1 | 100,134 |
| 2025Q2 | 70,515 |
| 2025Q3 | 165,886 |
| 2025Q4 | 45,760 |
| 2026Q1 | 57,059 |
Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.
125 recorded company events across 24 companies; percentages use that event total.
Auto coverage across Spain · ranked by full-period article count.
Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.
Auto coverage across Spain
| Keyword | Recent | Prior | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| countries | 4,250 | 1,920 | 121% |
| geopolitical alliances | 759 | 414 | 83% |
| women\'s champions league | 759 | 528 | 44% |
| foreign policy analysis | 623 | 199 | 213% |
| fire impact study | 514 | 150 | 243% |
| diplomatic strategies | 514 | 333 | 54% |
| multilateral diplomacy | 511 | 184 | 178% |
| extreme temperature advisory | 389 | 129 | 202% |
| wildfire control | 366 | 116 | 216% |
| study overseas | 354 | 139 | 155% |
| europa league | 566 | 1,665 | -66% |
| olympic trials | 168 | 1,603 | -90% |
| olympic team selections | 235 | 1,433 | -84% |
| ronaldo | 589 | 1,083 | -46% |
| final match | 344 | 1,063 | -68% |
Auto coverage across Spain
territories, disputed islands, countries
13.1% critical · 12.4% positiveclub valuation, quarterfinals, world cup
31.8% critical · 44.4% positiveleague expansion news, gdp growth rate, gdp acceleration
25.5% critical · 49.5% positiveAuto coverage across Spain. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.
53,340 papers in the recorded worldwide scope.
Tone counts: 45,828 positive · 3,083 neutral · 4,429 negative.
Landmark: A Survey of Autonomous Driving: <i>Common Practices and Emerging Technologies</i>
Landmark: Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions: Implications for Transport Planning
Landmark: Are we ready for autonomous driving? The KITTI vision benchmark suite
Common problems researchers identify · 0117.6% of this theme group
Examines how gender, ethnicity, and power dynamics are portrayed and contested in humanitarian and media contexts.
Humanities (304) · Identity (55) · Power (59) · Latin Americans (42)
Nuevas miradas sobre género e igualdad. Enfoques interdisciplinares.
Imagens e discursos em campanhas humanitárias: Análise crítica das representações das populações afetadas
Common problems researchers identify · 0216.2% of this theme group
Analyzes infection control, medication safety, and elderly care practices during health crises.
Nursing care (60) · Gynecology (47) · Coronavirus disease 2019 (66) · MEDLINE (45)
AVALIAÇÃO DO PERFIL E DA ACEITABILIDADE DE INTERVENÇÕES FARMACÊUTICAS EM PESSOAS IDOSAS HOSPITALIZADAS
Prevenção de infeções associadas aos cateteres venosos periféricos: um olhar sobre as intervenções de estudantes de Mestrado em enfermagem à
Common problems researchers identify · 0314.6% of this theme group
Investigates public policy, data protection, and legal frameworks for information systems and mergers.
Order (161) · Cadastre (51) · Government (54) · Public policy (32)
Auditoria a sistemas de informação e tecnologias aplicadas
Tratamento de Dados Pessoais em Operações de M&A: um estudo sobre as bases legais aplicáveis e as medidas técnicas e administrativas ado
Common problems researchers identify · 0414.4% of this theme group
Discusses philosophical, legal, and pedagogical issues surrounding vulnerable populations and professional training.
Philosophy (704) · Humanities (799) · Persona (24) · Derecho (10)
Educação para pessoas privadas de liberdade
O USO DAS TECNOLOGIAS EDUCACIONAIS PELO ENFERMEIRO APLICADAS AOS CUIDADOS PARA PESSOAS QUE REALIZAM HEMODIÁLISE: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Common problems researchers identify · 0513.8% of this theme group
Focuses on rural cadastral systems, forest cover change, and statistical methods for ecosystem assessment.
Humanities (150) · Horticulture (14) · Statistical analysis (26) · Amazon rainforest (14)
CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE O CADASTRO AMBIENTAL RURAL E SUA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO
ANÁLISE ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DAS TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA COBERTURA DA TERRA EM ÁREAS DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO ESTADO DE ALAGOAS POR MEIO DE GEOTECN
Common problems researchers identify · 0612.5% of this theme group
Explores innovative teaching methods, technology integration, and accessibility for diverse learners.
Humanities (161) · Qualitative research (46) · Initial training (27) · Curriculum (16)
INOVAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA MEDIADAS POR TECNOLOGIAS: CAMINHOS PARA UMA EDUCAÇÃO ATIVA
PRÁTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS INCLUSIVAS MEDIADAS POR LIBRAS: EXPERIÊNCIAS E DESAFIOS NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Common problems researchers identify · 0710.9% of this theme group
Reviews cybersecurity, ergonomics, and decision‑making challenges for automotive systems.
Computer security (83) · Transport engineering (51) · Human–computer interaction (56) · Automotive industry (40)
Planning and Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers
Cautions · 0119.8% of this theme group
Highlights adverse drug effects and pressure‑injury concerns in elderly patient care.
Gynecology (35) · CADASIL (16) · Leukoencephalopathy (12) · Internal medicine (12)
Análise da presença de lesão por pressão em pacientes hospitalizados e as principais comorbidades associadas
PERFIL MEDICAMENTOSO E PROBLEMAS RELACIONADOS À FARMACOTERAPIA EM PESSOAS IDOSAS HOSPITALIZADAS
Cautions · 0219.5% of this theme group
Considers public perception, risk, and broader mobility implications of driverless vehicles.
Transport engineering (67) · Human–computer interaction (24) · Automotive engineering (20) · Aeronautics (19)
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES - WHAT COULD THIS MEAN FOR THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORT?
Autonomous Vehicles as Public Transport: Perceptions of Risks and Opportunities for Mobility, the Environment, and Society
Cautions · 0313.5% of this theme group
Addresses substance use, vulnerability, and engagement strategies for students with special needs.
Humanities (106) · Philosophy (75) · Identity (4) · Higher education (4)
Levantamento sobre uso de álcool e outras drogas e vulnerabilidades relacionadas de estudantes de escolas públicas participantes do programa
ADAPTAÇÕES E ESTRATÉGIAS BASEADAS EM EVIDÊNCIAS PARA AUMENTAR A INTERAÇÃO E O ENGAJAMENTO DE ALUNOS COM TEA NAS AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Cautions · 0412.4% of this theme group
Evaluates how attacks affect trajectory prediction and object detection in autonomous driving.
Adversarial system (22) · Lidar (15) · Object detection (13) · Robustness (17)
On Adversarial Robustness of Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Vehicles
Revisiting Adversarial Perception Attacks and Defense Methods on Autonomous Driving Systems
Cautions · 0512.4% of this theme group
Examines numerical simulations and imaging techniques for assessing construction material performance.
Cadastre (10) · Materials testing (6) · Geology (8) · Statistical analysis (8)
Método para simulação numérica de paredes divisórias em alvenaria afetadas pelas flechas de estruturas de betão armado
Avaliação da porosidade e colmatação de camadas filtrantes via tomografia computadorizada de raios X e fluidodinâmica computacional
Cautions · 0611.9% of this theme group
Studies biomass accumulation and microbial interactions in crops irrigated with salty water.
Horticulture (23) · Microbiology (6) · Botany (5) · Bacteria (5)
Acumulação de biomassa e extração de nutrientes por plantas de feijão-de-corda irrigadas com água salina em diferentes estádios de desenvolv
Feijão caupi inoculado com bactérias associadas à adubação nitrogenada no metabolismo e crescimento da planta.
Cautions · 0710.5% of this theme group
Analyzes how political and tax volatility influence corporate reporting and investment decisions.
Order (15) · Government (10) · Investment (6) · Legislation (6)
INCERTEZA POLÍTICO-ECONÔMICA, AGRESSIVIDADE TRIBUTÁRIA E O EFEITO MODERADOR DO MERCADO DE CRÉDITO NAS EMPRESAS DE CAPITAL ABERTO LISTADAS NA
Informação obrigatória e voluntaria dos intangíveis: nível de divulgação e seus determinantes para as empresas cotadas portuguesas
Opportunities · 0126.5% of this theme group
Develops methods to identify and integrate safety and cybersecurity needs in driverless vehicle systems.
Human–computer interaction (176) · Transport engineering (139) · Computer security (91) · Automotive engineering (110)
Systematic Method for Identifying Safety and Security Requirements in Autonomous Driving: Case Study of Autonomous Intersection System
Exploring User Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: Impact of Driver and Vehicle Styles
Opportunities · 0217.9% of this theme group
Improves scene understanding for driver assistance using lidar, point clouds, and neural networks.
Object detection (228) · Object (139) · Lidar (149) · Point cloud (88)
Road Scene Content Analysis for Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving
Enhancing Safety Perception in Autonomous Driving Systems Through 3D Object Detection and Neural Network Regression
Opportunities · 0313.4% of this theme group
Applies model‑predictive control to plan and track vehicle paths while avoiding obstacles.
Trajectory (296) · Control theory (245) · Motion planning (167) · Model predictive control (105)
Dynamic Trajectory Planning and Tracking for Autonomous Vehicle With Obstacle Avoidance Based on Model Predictive Control
Dynamic Trajectory Planning for Vehicle Autonomous Driving
Opportunities · 0413.3% of this theme group
Investigates effectiveness of assessment tools and equity initiatives in virtual education settings.
Humanities (314) · Philosophy (216) · Qualitative research (30) · Order (42)
REFLEXÕES SOBRE A EFETIVIDADE DE FERRAMENTAS DE AVALIAÇÃO DA APRENDIZAGEM EMPREGADAS EM AMBIENTES VIRTUAIS DE APRENDIZAGEM: UM ESTUDO DE CAS
PET-Saúde/Equidade: Contribuições das Experiências Compartilhadas para a Formação Acadêmica e Profissional
Opportunities · 0511.7% of this theme group
Combines nanomaterials, chemistry, and biology to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Horticulture (37) · CADASIL (34) · Traditional medicine (24) · Leukoencephalopathy (23)
ANÁLISE MULTIMODAL E CARACTERIZAÇÃO MOLECULAR DE LESÕES PIGMENTADAS CUTÂNEAS BENIGNAS: AVANÇOS EM DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA
SINTESIS YTTRIUM DOPED ZnO DENGAN CAPPING AGENT KIMIA DAN \nBIOLOGI UNTUK PENINGKATAN EFISIENSI FOTOKATALITIK \nDEGRADASI ANTIBIOT
Opportunities · 0611.4% of this theme group
Leverages BIM, 3D cadastral data, and analytics to optimize building design and energy use.
Cadastre (79) · Cartography (16) · Statistical analysis (18) · Humanities (54)
BIM, 3D Cadastral Data and AI for Weather Conditions Simulation and Energy Consumption Monitoring
TECNOLOGIAS E INOVAÇÕES APLICADAS ÀS FASES DE ACABAMENTO EM EDIFÍCIOS DE MÚLTIPLOS PAVIMENTOS
Opportunities · 075.7% of this theme group
Creates frameworks that use RL to coordinate lateral and longitudinal actions in autonomous vehicles.
Reinforcement learning (312) · Reinforcement (63) · Action (24) · Human–computer interaction (37)
Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Collision Avoidance of Autonomous Driving System for Vulnerable Road User Safety
An Integrated Framework of Lateral and Longitudinal Behavior Decision-Making for Autonomous Driving Using Reinforcement Learning
Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.
| Research orientation | This field | Reference sample |
|---|---|---|
| Descriptive | 29.3% | 17.8% |
| Problem-identifying | 27.4% | 9.8% |
| Promising | 21.0% | 37.0% |
| Breakthrough | 14.3% | 26.1% |
| Comparative | 3.4% | 3.8% |
| Cautionary | 2.9% | 4.6% |
| Critical | 1.7% | 1.0% |
Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.
| Concern / example paper | Papers | Share | Raised as a problem | Worldwide share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Privacy & surveillanceThe social dilemma of autonomous vehicles | 196 | 0.42% | 76 (38.8%) | 0.42% |
| Safety & misuseNO Need to Worry about Adversarial Examples in Object Detection in Autonomous Vehicles | 146 | 0.31% | 38 (26.0%) | 0.31% |
| Bias & fairnessPersonal data, exploitative contracts, and algorithmic fairness: autonomous vehicles meet the internet of things | 16 | 0.03% | 7 (43.8%) | 0.03% |
| Energy & datacenter footprintA Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Services | 8 | 0.02% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.02% |
| Concentration of compute powerTransport Policy Optimization with Autonomous Vehicles | 5 | 0.01% | 3 (60.0%) | 0.01% |
| Water useEnhanced AEC Qualification of 5nm AI Processor with Liquid Cooling for Level 4 Autonomous Driving | 1 | 0.0% | 1 (100.0%) | 0.0% |
| Labour & data workO sofrimento feminino na pandemia de COVID-19: como vulnerabilidades das mulheres foram reforçadas na crise sanitária | 1 | 0.0% | 1 (100.0%) | 0.0% |
| Carbon & emissions of compute | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
| Hardware, e-waste & supply chain | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: worldwide. This may be broader than the company geography.
Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.
40.4% across the displayed hubs
4 companies hiring · $85.3M disclosed funding
Explore companies in Barcelona ↗
33.0% across the displayed hubs
4 companies hiring · $534.6M disclosed funding
Explore companies in Madrid ↗
6.9% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Zaragoza ↗
4.8% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Alicante ↗
4.8% across the displayed hubs
1 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Tarragona ↗
3.7% across the displayed hubs
1 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Pontevedra ↗
3.2% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Bilbao ↗
3.2% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $23.7K disclosed funding
Explore companies in Malaga ↗Clear definitions for making better comparisons.
It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.
No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.
A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.
Company ecosystem snapshot: 1 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.
Canonical landscape ↗