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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE LONDON EDITION 2026

London’s
blockchain technology industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping blockchain technology in London. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Blockchain Technology Industry Landscape of London
GB
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Blockchain Technology illustration
Companies tracked 1,478Blockchain Technology ecosystem in London Disclosed funding $5.31B280 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 30With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 554 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore London’s blockchain technology leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Blockchain Technology company highlights in London, snapshot 7 August 2026
Company
Blockchainblockchain.com$700M—2—
Nebeusnebeus.com$273.37M—6—
Argo Blockchainargoblockchain.com$242.73M—26—
Ellipticelliptic.co$224.31M7 roles80Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Quantopayquantopay.com$164.77M—4—
Quantum Blockchain Technologiesquantumblockchaintechnologies.co.uk$143.72M—4—
ZenMEVzenmev.com$140M———
Fnalityfnality.com$136M———
Arubaitoarubaito.io—3 roles——
BP PRIMEbpprime.com—3 roles6—
BVNKbvnk.com—3 roles47—
Cryptiocryptio.co—3 roles50—
Mercuryomercuryo.io—3 roles1Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Catapultcatapult.xyz—2 roles4—
Fimatixfimatix.com—2 roles15—
AZA Financeazafinance.com——222—
Aaveaave.com——6Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
AiXaixtrade.com——24—
CEX.IOcex.io——45Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Elwoodelwood.io——165—
Etrading Softwareetradingsoftware.com——86—
Modemodeplc.com——44Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Nethermindnethermind.io——210—
OpenPaydopenpayd.com——89—
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only
THE KEY SIGNALS

Blockchain Technology industry KPIs in London

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

7 August 2026
Hiring participation2.0%

30 of 1,478 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation22.0%

325 of 1,478 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share22.9%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$2.5M

Midpoint of 489 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 22.9% of disclosed capital, while 78.0% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How London blockchain technology has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

London blockchain technology
$0$355.92M$711.85M$1.07B$1.42B2016: $8.98M20162017: $276.87M20172018: $133.13M20182019: $102.35M20192020: $212.07M20202021: $1.25B20212022: $980.18M20222023: $730.26M20232024: $739.65M20242025: $587.01M2025
View the numbers
Annual blockchain technology funding and company formation in London
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$8.98M645
2017$276.87M14118
2018$133.13M16620
2019$102.35M9027
2020$212.07M10336
2021$1.25B23677
2022$980.18M20372
2023$730.26M12367
2024$739.65M10153
2025$587.01M4423
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Blockchain13.2%
  • Nebeus5.1%
  • Argo Blockchain4.6%
  • Other companies77.1%

Funding by stage

576 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel302 52.4%
Series A–B152 26.4%
Series C+ / PE17 3.0%
Grants, debt & other105 18.2%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
8 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series D05/2026
Elliptic $120M

Backed by One Peak and Nasdaq and others.

Series B05/2026
Opentrade $17M

Backed by Mercury Fund and Notion and others.

Seed05/2026
Saturn Credit $2M

Backed by Spartan Group and Anchorage Digital and others.

Series A04/2026
wamo $11.71M

Backed by 3TS Capital Partners and Oleka Capital.

Series B03/2026
Cryptio $45M

Backed by BlackFin and Sentinel Global and others.

Seed03/2026
Eunice $8M

Backed by Moonfire and Speedinvest and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series A05/2017
R3r3.com$107M

Backed by Bank of America and Wells Fargo and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
GBP · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 2 reporting entities from 254 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not London market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 2 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 2 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

2 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
LONDON · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does blockchain technology compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the London companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

16 of the 1,478 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (1.1%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 357,703 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
CoinMarketCapcoinmarketcap.com57,116,4908746.3%
Skrillskrill.com7,206,1466271.4%
Blockchainblockchain.com3,842,8785543%
Bitstampbitstamp.net838,1014972.9%
DropsTabdropstab.com638,4423616.1%
Transaktransak.com609,9483764.4%
CEX.IOcex.io607,0124181.6%
Solflaresolflare.com391,0683959.3%
Ramp Networkrampnetwork.com324,3384367.8%
BVNKbvnk.com227,4813770.1%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

65 of these companies (4.4%) publish at least one Android app — 75 apps in all, carrying 94.9M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
CoinMarketCap: Crypto TrackerCoinMarketCap20M4.7Finance
Luno: Buy Bitcoin & CryptoLuno18M3.5Finance
Skrill - Fast, secure paymentsSkrill17.9M4.5Finance
Blockchain Wallet: Buy BTCBlockchain17.3M4Finance
CEX.IO: Trade & Buy CryptoCEX.IO5.9M4.1Finance
Wirex: All-In-One Crypto AppWirex5M3.8Finance
Solflare: Solana Crypto WalletSolflare4.2M4.6Finance
Element ClassicElement2.6M3.3Communication
Bitstamp by Robinhood: Buy BTCBitstamp914.1K4.4Finance
Element X - Secure Chat & CallElement625.3K3.5Communication

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q4–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Cryptocurrencies5091.4MCoinMarketCap: Crypto Tracker 20M
Blockchain Infrastructure264.1MElement Classic 2.6M
Cybersecurity33.2MElement X - Secure Chat & Call 625.3K
Non Fungible Tokens12411.9KFootball Fan - Social App 164.7K
Blockchain Services217KIDZ 17K
Investment Tech42.6KNFT Explorer 1.1K

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2023Q1: 22023Q1: 22023Q12023Q2: 42023Q2: 02023Q22023Q3: 32023Q3: 12023Q32023Q4: 32023Q4: 32023Q42024Q1: 22024Q1: 02024Q12024Q2: 22024Q2: 12024Q22024Q4: 32024Q4: 42024Q42025Q1: 32025Q1: 32025Q12025Q2: 12025Q2: 22025Q22025Q3: 72025Q3: 62025Q32025Q4: 32025Q4: 92025Q42026Q1: 12026Q1: 82026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 66 of 75 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The London blockchain technology market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Fintech1,113
Blockchain in financial services989
Consumer digital957
Web 3.0732
Enterprise tech495
Decentralized finance400
Deep tech334
Crypto trading platforms250
Enterprise software140
Marketplaces115
Blockchain protocols104
Passion economy101

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Fintech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

1113companies
2.0%have hiring activity

22 companies hiring · $4.76B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription1,047
Commission on transaction877
E-commerce - service386
Fee-for-service281
Advertising184
E-commerce - product104
Freemium71
Lending69
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Funding roundswamo.io ↗

Wamo, a London, UK- and Helsinki, Finland-based fintech company providing a SME financial operating platform, raised €10M in Series A funding. The round was led by 3TS Capital Partners with participation from Oleka.

Mergers & acquisitionszodia-custody.com ↗

Standard Chartered PLC is reportedly seeking to fully acquire Zodia Custody Ltd.

Funding roundstransak.com ↗

Malaysia-based Gobi Partners has announced a strategic investment in Transak, a pioneering payments infrastructure firm specializing in digital assets.

Mergers & acquisitionsbvnk.com ↗

Earlier this month, it agreed to buy stablecoin infrastructure group BVNK in a deal valued at up to $1.8bn.

Mergers & acquisitionscirkay.com ↗

ATC Music Group acquired the remaining majority stake in Cirkay to strengthen its digital fan engagement and music marketing capabilities.

Mergers & acquisitionszeal.app ↗

Manchester-based brand activation agency ZEAL has acquired a 51% stake in Tommy, the social-first creative studio behind standout work for Amazon, TikTok, Netflix, Mastercard and Google.

Funding roundsgetorbital.com ↗

Orbital announced its $60m yesterday, there’s another noteworthy one tomorrow, and today two more.

Mergers & acquisitionszenrocklabs.io ↗

As per the deal announced earlier, the acquirer group has entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire 50.8 percent (1.63 crore shares) of Indo Borax & Chemicals from the existing promoter group at Rs 256.30 per share.

Funding roundsrecap.io ↗

Others include Recap, a €6.6m AI health-tech project led by the University of Galway, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, CrannMed and Salaso Health Solutions.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 228 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Leadership moves
45
Funding rounds
44
Earnings
33
Mergers & acquisitions
33
Company announcements
23
Contracts
14
New products
10
Regulatory
9
Capital infusions
5
Asset acquisitions
5
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

15 tracked people moves

R3 ↗
Na

Appointment president

ClearToken ↗
Chris Smith

Appointment Chief Operating Officer

ClearToken ↗
Fernando Cerezetti

Appointment Chief Risk Officer

ClearToken ↗
Mark Williamson

Appointment Chief Commercial Officer

Elwood ↗
Michael Abib

Promotion Chief Executive Officer

Elwood ↗
Chris Lawn

Departure Previously Chief Executive Officer

OpenPayd ↗
Barry O’Sullivan

Appointment Chief Banking Officer

Kamino ↗
Raphael Godoy

Appointment Chief Revenue Officer

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Aave ↗
Aave V4

Feature

ClearToken ↗
ClearToken

Clearing and settlement infrastructure provider for digital assets

R3 ↗
R3 Labs

Platform

Contract wins

9 recorded customer wins

Nettle ↗

Customer: Allianz TurkiyeInsurance

Nettle ↗

Customer: allianz türkiyeInsurance

R3 ↗

Customer: major French retailerRetail

Tempus ↗

Customer: renalytixhealthcare

Hexens ↗

Customer: Shiba Inu developersCryptocurrency

Customer: UK Financial Conduct Authority

Regulatory events

9 recorded events

Transak ↗

approved

BVNK ↗

granted direct access to SEPA payments schemeEuropean Union

Aave ↗

investigation droppedUS Securities and Exchange Commission

License grantedLuxembourg Financial Sector Supervisory Authority

Litigation

1 tracked suits

Company
exodus v web3 consulting, Garth Howat

Merger enforcement / acquisition disputeCivil · Filed

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

6companies
31period observations
32.5%median reported growth

Median across 26 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
TNA→foodesignCompleted2026-05-01Not stated in snapshot
standard chartered→Zodia Custody ↗Rumored2026-04-09Not stated in snapshot
mastercard→BVNK ↗Announced2026-03-27$1.8B
ATC Music Group→CIRKAY ↗Announced2026-03-18Not stated in snapshot
brandXchange→AIM Content Marketing and Public RelationsAnnounced2026-03-01Not stated in snapshot
Zeal→tommyAnnounced2026-02-13Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

29 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 47-posting snapshot covers 16 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

No repeated job title is supported by this snapshot.

1 internship postings

17 tracked postings mention remote work.

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 47 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Blockchain
42
Crypto
8
Smart Contracts
8
Web3
7
Sql
7
Rust
6
Typescript
6
Cryptocurrency
6
Defi
5
Blockchain Technology
5
THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

909 founders and chief executives across 605 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

140 profiles with education records.

University of Oxford
23
Imperial College London
21
University of Cambridge
17
University College London
15
London School of Economics and Political Science
9
University of Warwick
7
Harvard University
7
University of Manchester
6

Prior employers

25 profiles with prior-work records.

Goldman Sachs
6
Google
4
Microsoft
3
Cisco
2
Morgan Stanley
2
Facebook
2
McKinsey
2
Amazon
2

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

19,323 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
19,323articles in the measured year
4,844articles in 2026Q1
74.0%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Blockchain Technology coverage tagged London · articles per complete quarter

01,5373,0754,6126,1492021Q2: 3,7172021Q22021Q3: 4,0312021Q4: 3,3002022Q1: 4,5002022Q2: 4,3442022Q22022Q3: 3,8972022Q4: 4,5532023Q1: 5,1322023Q2: 5,1072023Q22023Q3: 4,2452023Q4: 4,5422024Q1: 5,2692024Q2: 5,0612024Q22024Q3: 5,1732024Q4: 5,0442025Q1: 5,3472025Q2: 4,7542025Q22025Q3: 5,1772025Q4: 4,5692026Q1: 4,8442026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q23,717
2021Q34,031
2021Q43,300
2022Q14,500
2022Q24,344
2022Q33,897
2022Q44,553
2023Q15,132
2023Q25,107
2023Q34,245
2023Q44,542
2024Q15,269
2024Q25,061
2024Q35,173
2024Q45,044
2025Q15,347
2025Q24,754
2025Q35,177
2025Q44,569
2026Q14,844

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
9,687 positive · 114 neutral · 3,061 negative
2022
12,510 positive · 182 neutral · 4,592 negative
2023
13,133 positive · 163 neutral · 5,724 negative
2024
15,163 positive · 177 neutral · 5,190 negative
2025
14,676 positive · 282 neutral · 4,871 negative

Leading coverage topics

Blockchain Technology coverage tagged London · ranked by full-period article count.

Cryptocurrency Impact On Forex Markets35,705 articles in the full recorded period
9,756 recent · 6,886 prior
Macroeconomic Indicators In Forex Analysis10,635 articles in the full recorded period
2,121 recent · 2,884 prior
Regulatory Compliance In Foreign Exchange Trading10,154 articles in the full recorded period
3,117 recent · 1,460 prior
Central Bank Monetary Policies Impacting Forex9,560 articles in the full recorded period
1,751 recent · 2,420 prior
Major Currency Pair Trading (E.G., Eur/Usd, Usd/Jpy)9,367 articles in the full recorded period
2,491 recent · 2,087 prior
Geopolitical Events And Forex Fluctuations8,754 articles in the full recorded period
1,713 recent · 2,514 prior
Impact Of Trade Balances On Exchange Rates8,342 articles in the full recorded period
1,691 recent · 2,257 prior
Fundamental Analysis Of Currency Valuations8,319 articles in the full recorded period
1,652 recent · 2,080 prior
Artificial Intelligence Advancements6,292 articles in the full recorded period
2,147 recent · 1,640 prior
Interest Rate Decisions And Impacts6,128 articles in the full recorded period
1,942 recent · 1,236 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

United Kingdom comparison coverage

KeywordRecentPriorChange
stablecoin fx impact1,425683109%
exchange rates1,40482271%
forex liquidity1,199370224%
decentralized forex1,11059587%
usd/cad99167946%
cash market forex987423133%
gold spot price90284974%
vix currency index855351144%
historical volatility forex680381689%
forex chart patterns633144421%
inflation reports fx1,3332,395-44%
currency intervention policies1,4362,212-35%
sanctions currency effects1,0071,877-46%
trade deficits fx1,0331,584-35%
cpi forex7511,446-48%

Event and signal lenses

United Kingdom comparison coverage

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

181,318 classified articles

currency intervention policies, inflation reports fx, quantitative easing forex

55.5% critical · 36.7% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

32,019 classified articles

inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies, eur/usd

45.9% critical · 42.4% positive
Rising

Growth

40,211 classified articles

gdp growth forex, inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies

49.9% critical · 45.4% positive

Blockchain Technology coverage tagged London. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Blockchain Technology research is working on

52,518 papers in the recorded worldwide scope.

Expand panel +
52,518papers
52,518worldwide comparison pool
—India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Breakthrough
18,064
Promising
17,596
Problem-identifying
7,918
Descriptive
5,111
Cautionary
2,046
Comparative
1,363
Critical
420

Contribution mix

Methods-led
30,312
Empirical
9,132
Reviews
8,260
Position pieces
3,943
Theoretical
871

Tone counts: 50,048 positive · 868 neutral · 1,602 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
8,338 papers · 15.9% of this field
  • Blockchain7,054 papers
  • Computer security2,491 papers
  • Cryptocurrency809 papers
  • Supply chain754 papers
  • Transparency609 papers
  • Distributed ledger539 papers
  • Internet of Things493 papers
  • Smart contract439 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management

Cautions
2,046 papers · 3.9% of this field
  • Blockchain1,716 papers
  • Computer security477 papers
  • Transparency256 papers
  • Supply chain253 papers
  • Cryptocurrency203 papers
  • Database transaction143 papers
  • Distributed ledger128 papers
  • Scalability124 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology: principles and applications

Opportunities
35,660 papers · 67.9% of this field
  • Blockchain29,262 papers
  • Computer security11,114 papers
  • Supply chain3,027 papers
  • Transparency2,935 papers
  • Scalability2,764 papers
  • Database transaction2,537 papers
  • Smart contract2,410 papers
  • Internet of Things2,158 papers

Landmark: Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger

Leading institutions

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
16,725
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
13,609
Sun Yat-sen University
13,084
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
12,886
Nanyang Technological University
11,775
UNSW Sydney
11,594

Leading researchers

Zibin Zheng
10,208
Dusit Niyato
7,129
Khaled Salah
6,612
Joseph Sarkis
6,172
Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo
5,983
Hong‐Ning Dai
5,616
Mahtab Kouhizadeh
5,437
Gavin Wood
5,313

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger5,313 citations
  • Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data2,482 citations
  • MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management2,377 citations
  • Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts2,164 citations
  • Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World1,671 citations

Common problems researchers identify

7,570 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Governance and Transparency ChallengesCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Governance and Transparency Challenges

2,099 papers

35.0% of this theme group

Researchers highlight difficulties in using blockchain for corporate governance, financial transparency, and sustainable development.

Blockchain (1,813) · Corporate governance (168) · Cryptocurrency (266) · Transparency (222)

Blockchain - A Financial Technology for Future Sustainable Development

A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022166.2
2023163.6
2024133.7
2025224.3
Security and Privacy ThreatsCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Security and Privacy Threats

1,621 papers

27.0% of this theme group

Papers discuss cryptographic and privacy vulnerabilities that arise when integrating blockchain with existing security infrastructures.

Computer security (1,344) · Blockchain (1,535) · Internet privacy (147) · Cryptography (83)

A Survey of Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges

Blockchain Security and Privacy: Threats, Challenges, Applications, and Tools

View research history
YearShare index
2022631.6
2023634.3
2024550.3
2025479.4
Supply‑Chain Traceability IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Supply‑Chain Traceability Issues

669 papers

11.2% of this theme group

Studies examine obstacles to adopting blockchain for end‑to‑end traceability and management in complex supply networks.

Supply chain (517) · Supply chain management (170) · Blockchain (626) · Traceability (172)

A Framework for Exploring Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management

Perspectives for the implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain

View research history
YearShare index
2022882.6
2023929.1
2024895.1
2025951.9
Healthcare Data Protection ConcernsCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Healthcare Data Protection Concerns

444 papers

7.4% of this theme group

Works focus on protecting patient records and ensuring secure health‑care applications of blockchain technology.

Health care (256) · Blockchain (420) · Computer security (195) · Health records (22)

Privacy and Security of Blockchain in Healthcare: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Application of Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare System

View research history
YearShare index
20223383.0
20233401.0
20243051.7
20253225.7
IoT Security and Privacy GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 05

IoT Security and Privacy Gaps

397 papers

6.6% of this theme group

Research points to unresolved security and privacy problems when combining blockchain with Internet‑of‑Things devices.

Internet of Things (316) · Blockchain (371) · Computer security (250) · Internet privacy (43)

Addressing Security and Privacy Issues of IoT Using Blockchain Technology

Towards the Integration of Blockchain and IoT for Security Challenges in IoT

View research history
YearShare index
20221163.5
20231178.6
20241239.6
2025997.8
Smart‑Contract VulnerabilitiesCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Smart‑Contract Vulnerabilities

389 papers

6.5% of this theme group

Analyses reveal weaknesses in smart‑contract code and execution that threaten blockchain reliability.

Smart contract (283) · Computer security (174) · Blockchain (212) · Vulnerability (28)

An Overview of Smart Contract and Use Cases in Blockchain Technology

Security, Performance, and Applications of Smart Contracts: A Systematic Survey

View research history
YearShare index
202255.1
202354.2
202432.9
202535.1
Distributed Ledger StandardizationCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Distributed Ledger Standardization

381 papers

6.3% of this theme group

Authors note the lack of common standards and interoperability across diverse ledger implementations.

Distributed ledger (320) · Ledger (126) · Cryptocurrency (101) · Blockchain (234)

Understanding the landscape of Distributed Ledger Technologies/Blockchain: Challenges, opportunities, and the prospects for standards

Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies

View research history
YearShare index
2022113.5
2023105.9
202478.9
202596.7

Cautions

1,815 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Financial Auditing RisksCautions · 01

Financial Auditing Risks

495 papers

27.3% of this theme group

Cautionary studies warn of potential pitfalls in applying blockchain to accounting and audit processes.

Blockchain (450) · Transparency (108) · Corporate governance (57) · Accounting (40)

Impact of Blockchain Technology in Auditing and Financial Transparency

Understanding the Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Financial Information Systems

View research history
YearShare index
2022156.4
2023163.0
2024122.6
2025174.4
Beyond Crypto Security LimitsCautions · 02

Beyond Crypto Security Limits

386 papers

21.3% of this theme group

Papers advise careful assessment of blockchain’s role in broader cybersecurity and voting systems.

Computer security (317) · Blockchain (374) · Internet privacy (35) · Voting (22)

Blockchain Technology in Cybersecurity: Uses Beyond Cryptocurrencies

Implementation of Blockchain Technology to Enhance Data Security for Cloud Computing

View research history
YearShare index
2022361.6
2023359.8
2024322.3
2025159.1
Scalability and Consensus ConstraintsCautions · 03

Scalability and Consensus Constraints

364 papers

20.1% of this theme group

Research highlights limitations of current consensus mechanisms and scalability for large‑scale blockchain deployments.

Blockchain (285) · Cryptocurrency (64) · Scalability (48) · Proof-of-work system (16)

On Availability for Blockchain-Based Systems

Exploring Blockchain Architectures for Network Sharing: Advantages, Limitations, and Suitability

View research history
YearShare index
2022232.4
2023239.1
2024175.8
2025377.0
Supply‑Chain Transparency Trade‑offsCautions · 04

Supply‑Chain Transparency Trade‑offs

253 papers

13.9% of this theme group

Works caution about the practical challenges and unintended consequences of blockchain‑based supply‑chain transparency.

Supply chain (211) · Supply chain management (72) · Traceability (63) · Blockchain (240)

Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: Prospects and Challenges

Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Supply Chain Transparency: Opportunities and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022882.6
2023929.1
2024895.1
2025951.9
Healthcare Interoperability BarriersCautions · 05

Healthcare Interoperability Barriers

119 papers

6.6% of this theme group

Studies stress difficulties in achieving seamless, secure data exchange across health‑care systems using blockchain.

Health care (86) · Blockchain (113) · Interoperability (30) · Computer security (50)

Blockchain for Securing AI-Driven Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Research Perspectives

Healthcare Management using Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20223423.9
20233442.1
20243079.3
20253291.1
Banking Ledger Adoption HurdlesCautions · 06

Banking Ledger Adoption Hurdles

109 papers

6.0% of this theme group

Analyses point to regulatory and operational obstacles when integrating distributed ledgers into banking workflows.

Distributed ledger (95) · Ledger (44) · Blockchain (71) · Cryptocurrency (22)

Review on Blockchain Technology

BLOCKCHAIN IN BANKING: A REVIEW OF DISTRIBUTED LEDGER APPLICATIONS IN LOAN PROCESSING, CREDIT HISTORY, AND COMPLIANCE

View research history
YearShare index
2022113.5
2023105.9
202478.9
202596.7
Smart‑Contract Execution RisksCautions · 07

Smart‑Contract Execution Risks

89 papers

4.9% of this theme group

Research warns of performance and security risks in deploying smart contracts for critical database transactions.

Smart contract (62) · Computer security (29) · Vulnerability (6) · Database transaction (13)

On Smart Contracts and Organisational Performance: A Review of Smart Contracts through the Blockchain Technology

Smart Contract in Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022137.4
2023129.1
202474.9
2025124.2

Opportunities

32,781 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Scalable Sharding and ConsensusOpportunities · 01

Scalable Sharding and Consensus

1,471 papers

24.5% of this theme group

Innovations target high‑throughput blockchain designs through sharding, hybrid consensus, and dynamic management.

Blockchain (1,155) · Distributed computing (188) · Scalability (211) · Database transaction (210)

A Secure and Efficient Blockchain Sharding Scheme via Hybrid Consensus and Dynamic Management

LearningChain: A Highly Scalable and Applicable Learning-Based Blockchain Performance Optimization Framework

View research history
YearShare index
2022601.4
2023580.0
2024368.5
2025478.4
Secure Data‑Sharing FrameworksOpportunities · 02

Secure Data‑Sharing Frameworks

1,420 papers

23.7% of this theme group

Proposals explore blockchain‑based platforms for trusted threat intelligence and collaborative security data exchange.

Computer security (1,028) · Blockchain (1,290) · Authentication (149) · Computer network (123)

A Trusted, Verifiable and Differential Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing Framework using Blockchain

A Security-Oriented Data-Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022712.2
2023659.5
2024451.5
2025204.9
Governance‑Driven Information SecurityOpportunities · 03

Governance‑Driven Information Security

1,034 papers

17.2% of this theme group

Opportunities focus on strengthening corporate governance and information system reliability via blockchain integration.

Blockchain (967) · Transparency (214) · Computer security (312) · Corporate governance (65)

Enhancing Security and Reliability of Information Systems through Blockchain Technology: A Case Study on Impacts and Potential

Securing Management Information Systems Using Blockchain Technology

View research history
YearShare index
202272.2
202378.8
202467.9
2025146.5
Sustainable Supply‑Chain ApplicationsOpportunities · 04

Sustainable Supply‑Chain Applications

596 papers

9.9% of this theme group

Research showcases blockchain’s potential to improve sustainability, traceability, and efficiency in supply‑chain management.

Supply chain (469) · Supply chain management (132) · Traceability (203) · Blockchain (550)

Applications of Blockchain Technology in Sustainable Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Review

Application of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management

View research history
YearShare index
2022882.6
2023929.1
2024895.1
2025951.9
IoT Privacy and AuthenticationOpportunities · 05

IoT Privacy and Authentication

518 papers

8.6% of this theme group

Studies propose blockchain solutions to enhance privacy, authentication, and efficiency in industrial IoT environments.

Internet of Things (319) · Blockchain (457) · Computer security (268) · Computer network (48)

Resolving Security Issues in the IoT Using Blockchain

Securing Industrial IoT: Blockchain-Integrated Solutions for Enhanced Privacy, Authentication, and Efficiency

View research history
YearShare index
20221394.4
20231381.0
20241305.4
20251020.9
Patient‑Centric Health RecordsOpportunities · 06

Patient‑Centric Health Records

501 papers

8.3% of this theme group

Works present blockchain approaches for secure, privacy‑preserving sharing of electronic medical records.

Health care (181) · Blockchain (469) · Computer security (291) · Health records (25)

Secure and Trustable Electronic Medical Records Sharing using Blockchain.

Integrity and Privacy-Aware, Patient-Centric Health Record Access Control Framework Using a Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20223383.0
20233401.0
20243051.7
20253225.7
Robust Smart‑Contract PlatformsOpportunities · 07

Robust Smart‑Contract Platforms

460 papers

7.7% of this theme group

Research aims to harden smart‑contract ecosystems against vulnerabilities and integrate them with construction and BIM workflows.

Smart contract (330) · Vulnerability (36) · Computer security (183) · Blockchain (249)

Blockchain contract: Securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts

A framework for smart construction contracts using BIM and blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
202255.1
202354.2
202432.9
202535.1

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Breakthrough34.4%26.1%
Promising33.5%37.8%
Problem-identifying15.1%9.6%
Descriptive9.7%17.3%
Cautionary3.9%4.5%
Comparative2.6%3.7%
Critical0.8%0.9%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceA Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things5,91612.38%1,156 (19.5%)12.38%
Safety & misuseFake News, Disinformation, and Deepfakes: Leveraging Distributed Ledger Technologies and Blockchain to Combat Digital De790.17%16 (20.3%)0.17%
Bias & fairnessToward Fairness of Cryptocurrency Payments630.13%13 (20.6%)0.13%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainBlockchain Technology for Sustainable Waste Management450.09%2 (4.4%)0.09%
Concentration of compute powerThe (Limited) Power of Blockchain Networks for Information Provision340.07%11 (32.4%)0.07%
Energy & datacenter footprintOptimization of Green Computing in Data Privacy in Healthcare BCT Framework320.07%3 (9.4%)0.07%
Labour & data workProposal for an integrative performance framework based on Distributed Ledger Technology dedicated to higher education s200.04%5 (25.0%)0.04%
Carbon & emissions of computeLattice-Like Blockchain System for Maintaining the Data Privacy in the Distributed Computation of Carbon Emission80.02%0 (0.0%)0.02%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: worldwide. This may be broader than the company geography.

UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Blockchain Technology in London: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put London in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 7 August 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon