Industry landscapes
Get Pro
Industry report

Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE THE UNITED KINGDOM EDITION 2026

the United Kingdom’s
blockchain technology industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping blockchain technology in the United Kingdom. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Blockchain Technology Industry Landscape of the United Kingdom
GB
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Blockchain Technology illustration
Companies tracked 2,502Blockchain Technology ecosystem in the United Kingdom Disclosed funding $7.36B436 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 37With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 705 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore the United Kingdom’s blockchain technology leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Blockchain Technology company highlights in the United Kingdom, snapshot 6 August 2026
Company
Blockchainblockchain.com$700M—2—
Dragondrgtoken.io$320M———
Nebeusnebeus.com$273.37M—6—
Argo Blockchainargoblockchain.com$242.73M—26—
Ellipticelliptic.co$224.31M7 roles80Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Lukkalukka.tech$212.8M—180—
1inch1inch.com$192.8M———
Quantopayquantopay.com$164.77M—4—
Phi Labsphilabs.xyz—4 roles29—
Re7 Capitalre7.capital—4 roles——
Arubaitoarubaito.io—3 roles——
BP PRIMEbpprime.com—3 roles6—
BVNKbvnk.com—3 roles47—
Cryptiocryptio.co—3 roles50—
Mercuryomercuryo.io—3 roles1Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
AZA Financeazafinance.com——222—
Aaveaave.com——6Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
BTSEbtse.com——258—
CEX.IOcex.io——45Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Elwoodelwood.io——165—
Etrading Softwareetradingsoftware.com——86—
Modemodeplc.com——44Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Nethermindnethermind.io——210—
Nexonexo.com——497—
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only
THE KEY SIGNALS

Blockchain Technology industry KPIs in the United Kingdom

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

6 August 2026
Hiring participation1.5%

37 of 2,502 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation19.6%

491 of 2,502 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share17.6%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$2.69M

Midpoint of 703 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 17.6% of disclosed capital, while 80.4% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How the United Kingdom blockchain technology has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

the United Kingdom blockchain technology
$0$495.52M$991.05M$1.49B$1.98B2016: $12.46M20162017: $324.65M20172018: $566.07M20182019: $127.6M20192020: $272.03M20202021: $1.74B20212022: $1.36B20222023: $879.92M20232024: $1.02B20242025: $707.51M2025
View the numbers
Annual blockchain technology funding and company formation in the United Kingdom
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$12.46M977
2017$324.65M22121
2018$566.07M26331
2019$127.6M13831
2020$272.03M18347
2021$1.74B431130
2022$1.36B35699
2023$879.92M22096
2024$1.02B17586
2025$707.51M6032
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Blockchain9.5%
  • Dragon4.3%
  • Nebeus3.7%
  • Other companies82.4%

Funding by stage

822 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel417 50.7%
Series A–B193 23.5%
Series C+ / PE24 2.9%
Grants, debt & other188 22.9%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
8 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series D05/2026
Elliptic $120M

Backed by One Peak and Nasdaq and others.

Series B05/2026
Opentrade $17M

Backed by Mercury Fund and Notion and others.

Seed05/2026
Saturn Credit $2M

Backed by Spartan Group and Anchorage Digital and others.

Series A04/2026
wamo $11.71M

Backed by 3TS Capital Partners and Oleka Capital.

Series B03/2026
Cryptio $45M

Backed by BlackFin and Sentinel Global and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series B12/2021
1inch1inch.com$175M

Backed by Amber Group and Jane Street and others.

Series E01/2022
Lukkalukka.tech$110M

Backed by Marshall Wace and MIAX Options and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
GBP · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 3 reporting entities from 341 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not the United Kingdom market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 3 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 3 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

3 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
THE UNITED KINGDOM · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does blockchain technology compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the the United Kingdom companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

28 of the 2,502 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (1.1%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 275,909 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
CoinMarketCapcoinmarketcap.com57,116,4908746.3%
Skrillskrill.com7,206,1466271.4%
Blockchainblockchain.com3,842,8785543%
PayBispaybis.com1,549,5935272.4%
Nexonexo.com1,142,2464651.7%
Bitstampbitstamp.net838,1014972.9%
DropsTabdropstab.com638,4423616.1%
Transaktransak.com609,9483764.4%
CEX.IOcex.io607,0124181.6%
Plisioplisio.net486,5784862.8%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

114 of these companies (4.6%) publish at least one Android app — 134 apps in all, carrying 113.3M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
CoinMarketCap: Crypto TrackerCoinMarketCap20M4.7Finance
Luno: Buy Bitcoin & CryptoLuno18M3.5Finance
Skrill - Fast, secure paymentsSkrill17.9M4.5Finance
Blockchain Wallet: Buy BTCBlockchain17.3M4Finance
Nexo: Crypto Wealth PlatformNexo6.7M4Finance
CEX.IO: Trade & Buy CryptoCEX.IO5.9M4.1Finance
Wirex: All-In-One Crypto AppWirex5M3.8Finance
Solflare: Solana Crypto WalletSolflare4.2M4.6Finance
ElectroneumElectroneum3M2.8Finance
Element ClassicElement2.6M3.3Communication

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2024Q1–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Cryptocurrencies85106MCoinMarketCap: Crypto Tracker 20M
Blockchain Infrastructure336.9MElement Classic 2.6M
Non Fungible Tokens254MStar Network - Social DeFi 2.2M
Cybersecurity43.3MElement X - Secure Chat & Call 625.3K
Enterprise Collaboration33.2MElement Pro for work 12K
Social Platforms32.4MFootball Fan - Social App 164.7K
Pc & Console Gaming9881.2KRebel Bots: Epic War PvP RTS 396.8K
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations3878.4K1inch: DeFi Crypto Wallet 664.8K

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2023Q2: 52023Q2: 22023Q22023Q3: 32023Q3: 12023Q32023Q4: 32023Q4: 32023Q42024Q1: 62024Q1: 12024Q12024Q2: 42024Q2: 42024Q22024Q3: 32024Q3: 32024Q32024Q4: 42024Q4: 62024Q42025Q1: 42025Q1: 112025Q12025Q2: 32025Q2: 32025Q22025Q3: 92025Q3: 122025Q32025Q4: 32025Q4: 132025Q42026Q1: 12026Q1: 192026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 116 of 134 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The the United Kingdom blockchain technology market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Fintech1,814
Blockchain in financial services1,610
Consumer digital1,561
Web 3.01,202
Enterprise tech766
Decentralized finance678
Deep tech520
Crypto trading platforms401
Enterprise software214
Marketplaces200
Blockchain protocols165
Crypto mining160

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Fintech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

1814companies
1.5%have hiring activity

27 companies hiring · $6.38B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription1,755
Commission on transaction1,514
E-commerce - service682
Fee-for-service487
Advertising324
E-commerce - product193
Freemium117
Lending109
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Funding roundswamo.io ↗

Wamo, a London, UK- and Helsinki, Finland-based fintech company providing a SME financial operating platform, raised €10M in Series A funding. The round was led by 3TS Capital Partners with participation from Oleka.

Mergers & acquisitionszodia-custody.com ↗

Standard Chartered PLC is reportedly seeking to fully acquire Zodia Custody Ltd.

Funding roundstransak.com ↗

Malaysia-based Gobi Partners has announced a strategic investment in Transak, a pioneering payments infrastructure firm specializing in digital assets.

Mergers & acquisitionsbvnk.com ↗

Earlier this month, it agreed to buy stablecoin infrastructure group BVNK in a deal valued at up to $1.8bn.

Funding roundsreflection.trading ↗

Nvidia has previously invested approximately $800 million in Reflection, valuing the company at around $8 billion.

Mergers & acquisitionscirkay.com ↗

ATC Music Group acquired the remaining majority stake in Cirkay to strengthen its digital fan engagement and music marketing capabilities.

Mergers & acquisitionszeal.app ↗

Manchester-based brand activation agency ZEAL has acquired a 51% stake in Tommy, the social-first creative studio behind standout work for Amazon, TikTok, Netflix, Mastercard and Google.

Funding roundsgetorbital.com ↗

Orbital announced its $60m yesterday, there’s another noteworthy one tomorrow, and today two more.

Mergers & acquisitionszenrocklabs.io ↗

As per the deal announced earlier, the acquirer group has entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire 50.8 percent (1.63 crore shares) of Indo Borax & Chemicals from the existing promoter group at Rs 256.30 per share.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 292 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Leadership moves
59
Funding rounds
53
Mergers & acquisitions
50
Earnings
40
Company announcements
27
Contracts
20
Regulatory
11
New products
11
Asset acquisitions
8
Capital infusions
6
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

18 tracked people moves

R3 ↗
Na

Appointment president

ClearToken ↗
Chris Smith

Appointment Chief Operating Officer

ClearToken ↗
Fernando Cerezetti

Appointment Chief Risk Officer

ClearToken ↗
Mark Williamson

Appointment Chief Commercial Officer

Elwood ↗
Michael Abib

Promotion Chief Executive Officer

Elwood ↗
Chris Lawn

Departure Previously Chief Executive Officer

OpenPayd ↗
Barry O’Sullivan

Appointment Chief Banking Officer

Krystal ↗
Amanda Hyde

Promotion Chief Operating Officer

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Aave ↗
Aave V4

Feature

ClearToken ↗
ClearToken

Clearing and settlement infrastructure provider for digital assets

IoTeX ↗
Real-World AI Foundry

Open Ecosystem for Real-World AI

R3 ↗
R3 Labs

Platform

Contract wins

11 recorded customer wins

Nettle ↗

Customer: Allianz TurkiyeInsurance

Nettle ↗

Customer: allianz türkiyeInsurance

R3 ↗

Customer: major French retailerRetail

Tempus ↗

Customer: renalytixhealthcare

Hexens ↗

Customer: Shiba Inu developersCryptocurrency

Customer: UK Financial Conduct Authority

Regulatory events

11 recorded events

Transak ↗

approved

Nexo ↗

discontinued product for US investorsSEC

Nexo ↗

fined for settlement with SECSEC

BVNK ↗

granted direct access to SEPA payments schemeEuropean Union

Litigation

1 tracked suits

Company
exodus v web3 consulting, Garth Howat

Merger enforcement / acquisition disputeCivil · Filed

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

10companies
36period observations
32.5%median reported growth

Median across 30 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
TNA→foodesignCompleted2026-05-01Not stated in snapshot
jezby ventures→Blade ↗Announced2026-04-30Not stated in snapshot
ripple→Hidden Road ↗Completed2026-04-10$1.2B
standard chartered→Zodia Custody ↗Rumored2026-04-09Not stated in snapshot
mastercard→BVNK ↗Announced2026-03-27$1.8B
ATC Music Group→CIRKAY ↗Announced2026-03-18Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

125 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 239-posting snapshot covers 15 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Financial Accountant2
Customer Experience Host1
Derivatives Trader1
Technical Web3 Product Manager1
2 internship postings

37 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

1 postings specify a level.

unspecified
238
manager
1

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 239 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Rust
26
Aws
21
Typescript
20
Kubernetes
20
Docker
13
Solana
13
Apis
12
Terraform
11
React
11
Hubspot
11
THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

1,278 founders and chief executives across 861 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

181 profiles with education records.

University of Oxford
31
Imperial College London
23
University of Cambridge
19
University College London
18
London School of Economics and Political Science
11
University of Warwick
10
Harvard University
8
University of Manchester
7

Prior employers

32 profiles with prior-work records.

Goldman Sachs
7
Google
6
Facebook
4
Microsoft
3
Cisco
2
Morgan Stanley
2
McKinsey
2
Amazon
2

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

79,988 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
79,988articles in the measured year
19,723articles in 2026Q1
70.2%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Blockchain Technology coverage across United Kingdom · articles per complete quarter

07,58015,16022,74130,3212021Q2: 12,7972021Q22021Q3: 14,4432021Q4: 12,9712022Q1: 16,1272022Q2: 15,8852022Q22022Q3: 15,4982022Q4: 16,6042023Q1: 18,6352023Q2: 21,1142023Q22023Q3: 17,3832023Q4: 18,2832024Q1: 18,2152024Q2: 16,3952024Q22024Q3: 22,3862024Q4: 20,8962025Q1: 26,3662025Q2: 21,2942025Q22025Q3: 20,5002025Q4: 17,5642026Q1: 19,7232026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q212,797
2021Q314,443
2021Q412,971
2022Q116,127
2022Q215,885
2022Q315,498
2022Q416,604
2023Q118,635
2023Q221,114
2023Q317,383
2023Q418,283
2024Q118,215
2024Q216,395
2024Q322,386
2024Q420,896
2025Q126,366
2025Q221,294
2025Q320,500
2025Q417,564
2026Q119,723

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
33,445 positive · 528 neutral · 12,420 negative
2022
43,368 positive · 795 neutral · 19,894 negative
2023
48,309 positive · 1,230 neutral · 25,796 negative
2024
54,617 positive · 1,144 neutral · 22,060 negative
2025
60,103 positive · 1,689 neutral · 23,862 negative

Leading coverage topics

Blockchain Technology coverage across United Kingdom · ranked by full-period article count.

Cryptocurrency Impact On Forex Markets35,705 articles in the full recorded period
9,063 recent · 6,381 prior
Macroeconomic Indicators In Forex Analysis10,635 articles in the full recorded period
1,982 recent · 2,670 prior
Regulatory Compliance In Foreign Exchange Trading10,154 articles in the full recorded period
2,892 recent · 1,349 prior
Central Bank Monetary Policies Impacting Forex9,560 articles in the full recorded period
1,628 recent · 2,235 prior
Major Currency Pair Trading (E.G., Eur/Usd, Usd/Jpy)9,367 articles in the full recorded period
2,308 recent · 1,933 prior
Geopolitical Events And Forex Fluctuations8,754 articles in the full recorded period
1,597 recent · 2,316 prior
Impact Of Trade Balances On Exchange Rates8,342 articles in the full recorded period
1,591 recent · 2,090 prior
Fundamental Analysis Of Currency Valuations8,319 articles in the full recorded period
1,543 recent · 1,929 prior
Artificial Intelligence Advancements6,292 articles in the full recorded period
1,990 recent · 1,510 prior
Interest Rate Decisions And Impacts6,128 articles in the full recorded period
1,811 recent · 1,154 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

Blockchain Technology coverage across United Kingdom

KeywordRecentPriorChange
stablecoin fx impact1,318631109%
exchange rates1,30576670%
forex liquidity1,122341229%
decentralized forex1,03856085%
usd/cad91563943%
cash market forex905401126%
gold spot price84879973%
vix currency index783328139%
historical volatility forex618351666%
forex chart patterns574134315%
inflation reports fx1,2442,232-44%
currency intervention policies1,3332,046-35%
sanctions currency effects9381,737-46%
trade deficits fx9711,477-34%
cpi forex7031,340-48%

Event and signal lenses

Blockchain Technology coverage across United Kingdom

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

181,318 classified articles

currency intervention policies, inflation reports fx, quantitative easing forex

55.5% critical · 36.7% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

32,019 classified articles

inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies, eur/usd

45.9% critical · 42.4% positive
Rising

Growth

40,211 classified articles

gdp growth forex, inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies

49.9% critical · 45.4% positive

Blockchain Technology coverage across United Kingdom. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Blockchain Technology research is working on

52,518 papers in the recorded worldwide scope.

Expand panel +
52,518papers
52,518worldwide comparison pool
—India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Breakthrough
18,064
Promising
17,596
Problem-identifying
7,918
Descriptive
5,111
Cautionary
2,046
Comparative
1,363
Critical
420

Contribution mix

Methods-led
30,312
Empirical
9,132
Reviews
8,260
Position pieces
3,943
Theoretical
871

Tone counts: 50,048 positive · 868 neutral · 1,602 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
8,338 papers · 15.9% of this field
  • Blockchain7,054 papers
  • Computer security2,491 papers
  • Cryptocurrency809 papers
  • Supply chain754 papers
  • Transparency609 papers
  • Distributed ledger539 papers
  • Internet of Things493 papers
  • Smart contract439 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management

Cautions
2,046 papers · 3.9% of this field
  • Blockchain1,716 papers
  • Computer security477 papers
  • Transparency256 papers
  • Supply chain253 papers
  • Cryptocurrency203 papers
  • Database transaction143 papers
  • Distributed ledger128 papers
  • Scalability124 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology: principles and applications

Opportunities
35,660 papers · 67.9% of this field
  • Blockchain29,262 papers
  • Computer security11,114 papers
  • Supply chain3,027 papers
  • Transparency2,935 papers
  • Scalability2,764 papers
  • Database transaction2,537 papers
  • Smart contract2,410 papers
  • Internet of Things2,158 papers

Landmark: Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger

Leading institutions

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
16,725
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
13,609
Sun Yat-sen University
13,084
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
12,886
Nanyang Technological University
11,775
UNSW Sydney
11,594

Leading researchers

Zibin Zheng
10,208
Dusit Niyato
7,129
Khaled Salah
6,612
Joseph Sarkis
6,172
Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo
5,983
Hong‐Ning Dai
5,616
Mahtab Kouhizadeh
5,437
Gavin Wood
5,313

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger5,313 citations
  • Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data2,482 citations
  • MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management2,377 citations
  • Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts2,164 citations
  • Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World1,671 citations

Common problems researchers identify

7,570 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Governance and Transparency IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Governance and Transparency Issues

2,099 papers

35.0% of this theme group

Researchers highlight challenges in using blockchain for corporate governance, financial transparency, and sustainable development.

Blockchain (1,813) · Corporate governance (168) · Cryptocurrency (266) · Transparency (222)

Blockchain - A Financial Technology for Future Sustainable Development

A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022165.7
2023161.6
2024134.7
2025226.3
Security and Privacy ThreatsCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Security and Privacy Threats

1,621 papers

27.0% of this theme group

Papers discuss cryptographic weaknesses, privacy risks, and broader security concerns inherent to blockchain systems.

Computer security (1,344) · Blockchain (1,535) · Internet privacy (147) · Cryptography (83)

A Survey of Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges

Blockchain Security and Privacy: Threats, Challenges, Applications, and Tools

View research history
YearShare index
2022634.2
2023631.8
2024550.9
2025479.3
Supply Chain Traceability GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Supply Chain Traceability Gaps

669 papers

11.2% of this theme group

Studies examine difficulties integrating blockchain for reliable tracking and management across complex supply networks.

Supply chain (517) · Supply chain management (170) · Blockchain (626) · Traceability (172)

A Framework for Exploring Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management

Perspectives for the implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain

View research history
YearShare index
2022884.8
2023927.8
2024892.6
2025953.0
Healthcare Data ProtectionCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Healthcare Data Protection

444 papers

7.4% of this theme group

Research points to obstacles in securing patient records and ensuring privacy when applying blockchain in health contexts.

Health care (256) · Blockchain (420) · Computer security (195) · Health records (22)

Privacy and Security of Blockchain in Healthcare: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Application of Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare System

View research history
YearShare index
20223376.4
20233400.9
20243051.3
20253225.4
IoT Security IntegrationCommon problems researchers identify · 05

IoT Security Integration

397 papers

6.6% of this theme group

Works identify problems linking blockchain with IoT devices, focusing on privacy and attack surface expansion.

Internet of Things (316) · Blockchain (371) · Computer security (250) · Internet privacy (43)

Addressing Security and Privacy Issues of IoT Using Blockchain Technology

Towards the Integration of Blockchain and IoT for Security Challenges in IoT

View research history
YearShare index
20221166.1
20231176.3
20241237.7
2025996.2
Smart Contract VulnerabilitiesCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Smart Contract Vulnerabilities

389 papers

6.5% of this theme group

Analyses reveal flaws and attack vectors within smart contracts that compromise blockchain reliability.

Smart contract (283) · Computer security (174) · Blockchain (212) · Vulnerability (28)

An Overview of Smart Contract and Use Cases in Blockchain Technology

Security, Performance, and Applications of Smart Contracts: A Systematic Survey

View research history
YearShare index
202255.0
202354.4
202432.7
202535.0
Distributed Ledger StandardizationCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Distributed Ledger Standardization

381 papers

6.3% of this theme group

Authors note the lack of common standards and interoperability challenges across diverse ledger implementations.

Distributed ledger (320) · Ledger (126) · Cryptocurrency (101) · Blockchain (234)

Understanding the landscape of Distributed Ledger Technologies/Blockchain: Challenges, opportunities, and the prospects for standards

Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies

View research history
YearShare index
2022113.2
2023104.7
202480.8
202597.4

Cautions

1,815 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Financial Auditing LimitsCautions · 01

Financial Auditing Limits

495 papers

27.3% of this theme group

Cautionary studies warn about overestimating blockchain's impact on audit processes and accounting transparency.

Blockchain (450) · Transparency (108) · Corporate governance (57) · Accounting (40)

Impact of Blockchain Technology in Auditing and Financial Transparency

Understanding the Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Financial Information Systems

View research history
YearShare index
2022156.0
2023160.8
2024122.0
2025175.6
Beyond Crypto Security ClaimsCautions · 02

Beyond Crypto Security Claims

386 papers

21.3% of this theme group

Researchers advise careful evaluation of blockchain's purported benefits for broader cybersecurity and cloud data protection.

Computer security (317) · Blockchain (374) · Internet privacy (35) · Voting (22)

Blockchain Technology in Cybersecurity: Uses Beyond Cryptocurrencies

Implementation of Blockchain Technology to Enhance Data Security for Cloud Computing

View research history
YearShare index
2022363.5
2023358.3
2024322.3
2025157.9
Scalability and Energy ConcernsCautions · 03

Scalability and Energy Concerns

364 papers

20.1% of this theme group

Papers caution that current consensus mechanisms may hinder performance and increase resource consumption.

Blockchain (285) · Cryptocurrency (64) · Scalability (48) · Proof-of-work system (16)

On Availability for Blockchain-Based Systems

Exploring Blockchain Architectures for Network Sharing: Advantages, Limitations, and Suitability

View research history
YearShare index
2022231.6
2023236.5
2024177.7
2025378.4
Supply Chain Adoption RisksCautions · 04

Supply Chain Adoption Risks

253 papers

13.9% of this theme group

Analyses highlight practical obstacles and unintended consequences when deploying blockchain for supply chain transparency.

Supply chain (211) · Supply chain management (72) · Traceability (63) · Blockchain (240)

Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: Prospects and Challenges

Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Supply Chain Transparency: Opportunities and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022884.8
2023927.8
2024892.6
2025953.0
Healthcare Interoperability HurdlesCautions · 05

Healthcare Interoperability Hurdles

119 papers

6.6% of this theme group

Works stress difficulties achieving seamless data exchange and security across medical systems using blockchain.

Health care (86) · Blockchain (113) · Interoperability (30) · Computer security (50)

Blockchain for Securing AI-Driven Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Research Perspectives

Healthcare Management using Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20223417.5
20233441.9
20243079.0
20253290.9
Banking Ledger Integration IssuesCautions · 06

Banking Ledger Integration Issues

109 papers

6.0% of this theme group

Studies point to regulatory and technical challenges in applying distributed ledgers to traditional banking operations.

Distributed ledger (95) · Ledger (44) · Blockchain (71) · Cryptocurrency (22)

Review on Blockchain Technology

BLOCKCHAIN IN BANKING: A REVIEW OF DISTRIBUTED LEDGER APPLICATIONS IN LOAN PROCESSING, CREDIT HISTORY, AND COMPLIANCE

View research history
YearShare index
2022113.2
2023104.7
202480.8
202597.4
Smart Contract Performance LimitsCautions · 07

Smart Contract Performance Limits

89 papers

4.9% of this theme group

Research warns of efficiency and reliability problems when smart contracts handle complex database transactions.

Smart contract (62) · Computer security (29) · Vulnerability (6) · Database transaction (13)

On Smart Contracts and Organisational Performance: A Review of Smart Contracts through the Blockchain Technology

Smart Contract in Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022137.9
2023130.0
202475.1
2025122.8

Opportunities

32,781 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Scalable Sharding TechniquesOpportunities · 01

Scalable Sharding Techniques

1,471 papers

24.5% of this theme group

Innovations propose sharding and hybrid consensus to improve blockchain throughput and transaction handling.

Blockchain (1,155) · Distributed computing (188) · Scalability (211) · Database transaction (210)

A Secure and Efficient Blockchain Sharding Scheme via Hybrid Consensus and Dynamic Management

LearningChain: A Highly Scalable and Applicable Learning-Based Blockchain Performance Optimization Framework

View research history
YearShare index
2022604.0
2023578.5
2024369.1
2025479.1
Secure Data Sharing FrameworksOpportunities · 02

Secure Data Sharing Frameworks

1,420 papers

23.7% of this theme group

Proposals focus on leveraging blockchain for trusted threat intelligence exchange and protected network communications.

Computer security (1,028) · Blockchain (1,290) · Authentication (149) · Computer network (123)

A Trusted, Verifiable and Differential Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing Framework using Blockchain

A Security-Oriented Data-Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022715.3
2023660.3
2024451.2
2025205.3
Governance‑Driven Information SecurityOpportunities · 03

Governance‑Driven Information Security

1,034 papers

17.2% of this theme group

Opportunities explore blockchain's role in strengthening corporate governance and safeguarding management information systems.

Blockchain (967) · Transparency (214) · Computer security (312) · Corporate governance (65)

Enhancing Security and Reliability of Information Systems through Blockchain Technology: A Case Study on Impacts and Potential

Securing Management Information Systems Using Blockchain Technology

View research history
YearShare index
202271.7
202377.4
202467.4
2025147.8
Sustainable Supply Chain SolutionsOpportunities · 04

Sustainable Supply Chain Solutions

596 papers

9.9% of this theme group

Research highlights blockchain applications that enable greener manufacturing practices and enhanced traceability.

Supply chain (469) · Supply chain management (132) · Traceability (203) · Blockchain (550)

Applications of Blockchain Technology in Sustainable Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Review

Application of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management

View research history
YearShare index
2022884.8
2023927.8
2024892.6
2025953.0
IoT Privacy and AuthenticationOpportunities · 05

IoT Privacy and Authentication

518 papers

8.6% of this theme group

Studies present blockchain‑based methods to protect IoT networks, improve authentication, and reduce data leakage.

Internet of Things (319) · Blockchain (457) · Computer security (268) · Computer network (48)

Resolving Security Issues in the IoT Using Blockchain

Securing Industrial IoT: Blockchain-Integrated Solutions for Enhanced Privacy, Authentication, and Efficiency

View research history
YearShare index
20221397.2
20231379.0
20241304.1
20251020.2
Patient‑Centric Health RecordsOpportunities · 06

Patient‑Centric Health Records

501 papers

8.3% of this theme group

Works propose blockchain platforms for secure, private, and interoperable electronic medical record sharing.

Health care (181) · Blockchain (469) · Computer security (291) · Health records (25)

Secure and Trustable Electronic Medical Records Sharing using Blockchain.

Integrity and Privacy-Aware, Patient-Centric Health Record Access Control Framework Using a Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20223376.4
20233400.9
20243051.3
20253225.4
Smart Contract Construction ToolsOpportunities · 07

Smart Contract Construction Tools

460 papers

7.7% of this theme group

Developments aim to enhance contract security and integrate building information modeling with blockchain.

Smart contract (330) · Vulnerability (36) · Computer security (183) · Blockchain (249)

Blockchain contract: Securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts

A framework for smart construction contracts using BIM and blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
202255.0
202354.4
202432.7
202535.0

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Breakthrough34.4%26.3%
Promising33.5%37.4%
Problem-identifying15.1%9.7%
Descriptive9.7%17.5%
Cautionary3.9%4.4%
Comparative2.6%3.7%
Critical0.8%1.0%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceA Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things5,91612.38%1,156 (19.5%)12.38%
Safety & misuseFake News, Disinformation, and Deepfakes: Leveraging Distributed Ledger Technologies and Blockchain to Combat Digital De790.17%16 (20.3%)0.17%
Bias & fairnessToward Fairness of Cryptocurrency Payments630.13%13 (20.6%)0.13%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainBlockchain Technology for Sustainable Waste Management450.09%2 (4.4%)0.09%
Concentration of compute powerThe (Limited) Power of Blockchain Networks for Information Provision340.07%11 (32.4%)0.07%
Energy & datacenter footprintOptimization of Green Computing in Data Privacy in Healthcare BCT Framework320.07%3 (9.4%)0.07%
Labour & data workProposal for an integrative performance framework based on Distributed Ledger Technology dedicated to higher education s200.04%5 (25.0%)0.04%
Carbon & emissions of computeLattice-Like Blockchain System for Maintaining the Data Privacy in the Distributed Computation of Carbon Emission80.02%0 (0.0%)0.02%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: worldwide. This may be broader than the company geography.

GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT

Where companies are based

Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.

Expand panel +
8 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Blockchain Technology in the United Kingdom: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put the United Kingdom in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 6 August 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon