Radar Landscapes Blockchain Technology Landscape of the United States
Blockchain Technology industry in the United States — illustrated cover for the Blockchain Technology Landscape of the United States
Radar · Industry landscape · the United States

Blockchain Technology Landscape of the United States

7,828 Blockchain Technology companies in the United States, in one picture: who is hiring, who is raising money, who founded them, where they are based, what the news is about, which skills employers want and where the research is going. Updated August 2026.

7,828companies tracked
$58.7Bdisclosed funding
216hiring right now
1,840events · 24 months
388,949news articles · 12 months

Who leads Blockchain Technology in the United States

Shows the 7,828 U.S. blockchain firms and highlights the top hiring, best‑funded, and most‑covered companies, with 216 currently hiring and 1,798 having disclosed a funding round.

open roles
Hiring now
ranked by live open roles
  1. 01Coinbase12last posted Jul 2026
  2. 02BitGo10last posted Jun 2026
  3. 03Thresholds10last posted May 2026
  4. 04Airswift10last posted May 2026
  5. 05Unicity9last posted May 2026
  6. 06Fireblocks8last posted Aug 2026
  7. 07Arena Club8last posted Jun 2026
  8. 08The Collection8last posted May 2026
216 companies hiring · 14 posted in the last 30 days
disclosed funding
Most funded
disclosed totals, all rounds
  1. 01Marathon Digital Holdings$1.8BPost IPO · Jul 2025
  2. 02Coinbase$1.8BPost IPO · Aug 2021
  3. 03Circle$1.5BSeries E · Aug 2023
  4. 04BlockFi$1.4BConventional Debt · Jun 2022
  5. 05NYDIG$1.4BConventional Debt · Dec 2021
  6. 06Core Scientific$1.1BPost IPO · Aug 2024
  7. 07Ripple$1.1BConventional Debt · May 2026
  8. 08Fireblocks$1BSeries E · Jan 2022
1,798 companies with disclosed rounds · $58.7B total
revenue
Revenue leaders
official filings first, else latest snapshot
  1. 01Roblox$1.4BFY2026 filing
  2. 02Coinbase$1.4BFY2025 filing
  3. 03Ondo$618.7MFY2025 filing
  4. 04FDCTech$35MFY2024 filing
  5. 05Cipher Mining$34.8MFY2025 filing
  6. 06Eightco$33MFY2024 filing
  7. 07Bit Digital$32.3MFY2020 filing
  8. 08Atmecs$29.2Msnapshot Mar 2025
28 companies with a revenue figure
headcount
Largest teams
ranked by tracked headcount
  1. 01Coinbase3,416tracked employees
  2. 02collectors1,200tracked employees
  3. 03Atmecs1,000tracked employees
  4. 04Jump Crypto995tracked employees
  5. 05Roblox947tracked employees
  6. 06Consensys900tracked employees
  7. 07OpenSea857tracked employees
  8. 08Fireblocks600tracked employees
263 companies with headcount data
share of events
Share of voice
share of all tracked sector news events, 24 months
  1. 01Roblox8.5%202 tracked events
  2. 02TeraWulf6.5%155 tracked events
  3. 03Kraken5.0%118 tracked events
  4. 04Core Scientific4.6%108 tracked events
  5. 05Coinbase4.1%98 tracked events
  6. 06Tether3.1%74 tracked events
  7. 07Bit Digital2.5%60 tracked events
  8. 08Reach2.2%53 tracked events
2,371 tracked events across 277 companies
articles
In the news
Prism news coverage, last 12 months
  1. 01Bitcoin77,098articles in the window
  2. 02Solana23,132articles in the window
  3. 03Coinbase22,624articles in the window
  4. 04Kraken7,278articles in the window
  5. 05Dogecoin6,511articles in the window
  6. 06Magna4,732articles in the window
  7. 07Sia2,600articles in the window
  8. 08Grayscale2,517articles in the window
401 of these companies drew sector coverage in the window
Radar

See all 7,828 Blockchain Technology companies in the United States

Filter by funding, headcount, hiring and location, and export the list.

How the Blockchain Technology ecosystem in the United States grew, 2016–2025

Lists the number of blockchain firms founded each year, peaking at 1,577 in 2021 and dropping to 155 in 2025.

Companies founded / year
new Blockchain Technology companies in the United States
2016: 2332017: 6222018: 7062019: 3592020: 5322021: 1,5772022: 1,2542023: 6682024: 4212025: 155
20162025
peak 1,577 in 2021
Companies raising / year
with a disclosed round that year
20162025
peak 571 in 2022
Disclosed funding / year
sum of disclosed rounds (USD)
2016: 311,917,6252017: 1,386,513,9112018: 2,913,009,2112019: 1,285,124,4572020: 1,967,104,3632021: 16,721,326,0262022: 13,927,909,4722023: 4,111,430,3732024: 5,728,211,8982025: 7,671,134,108
20162025
peak $16.7B in 2021

Where Blockchain Technology companies in the United States are based

Ranks U.S. cities by the count of blockchain companies, led by New York City (952) and San Francisco (884).

New York City skyline — Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 01
New York City
952 Blockchain Technology companies
33% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
952companies
$9.6Bdisclosed funding
31hiring now
Photo Wikipedia · New York City · CC BY-SA 4.0
San Francisco skyline — Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 02
San Francisco
884 Blockchain Technology companies
31% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
884companies
$14.5Bdisclosed funding
41hiring now
Photo Wikipedia · San Francisco · CC BY-SA 4.0
Los Angeles skyline — Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 03
Los Angeles
313 Blockchain Technology companies
11% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
313companies
$1.4Bdisclosed funding
6hiring now
Photo Wikipedia · Los Angeles · CC BY-SA 4.0
Miami skyline — Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 04
Miami
236 Blockchain Technology companies
8% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
236companies
$969.9Mdisclosed funding
8hiring now
Photo Wikipedia · Miami · CC BY-SA 4.0
Austin, a Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 05
Austin
160 Blockchain Technology companies
6% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
160companies
$448.2Mdisclosed funding
6hiring now
generated artwork
Chicago skyline — Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 06
Chicago
134 Blockchain Technology companies
5% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
134companies
$1.2Bdisclosed funding
11hiring now
Photo Wikipedia · Chicago · CC BY-SA 4.0
Wilmington, a Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 07
Wilmington
113 Blockchain Technology companies
4% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
113companies
$560Mdisclosed funding
4hiring now
generated artwork
Palo Alto, a Blockchain Technology hub in the United States
Hub 08
Palo Alto
101 Blockchain Technology companies
3% of the Blockchain Technology companies across these hubs
101companies
$2.7Bdisclosed funding
10hiring now
generated artwork

The Blockchain Technology market map of the United States: what these companies actually do

Breaks down product sub‑categories—fintech, blockchain in financial services, web 3.0, consumer digital, enterprise tech—and shows the most common revenue models such as subscription and transaction commissions.

  • Fintech4,738 companies · $43.6B raised · 108 hiring
  • Blockchain in Financial Services4,368 companies · $37.7B raised · 101 hiring
  • Web 3.04,295 companies · $38.1B raised · 109 hiring
  • Consumer Digital4,253 companies · $31.1B raised · 89 hiring
  • Enterprise Tech2,597 companies · $35.9B raised · 96 hiring
  • Decentralized Finance2,486 companies · $16.5B raised · 48 hiring
  • Deep Tech1,951 companies · $25.7B raised · 63 hiring
  • Enterprise Software801 companies · $15.1B raised · 37 hiring
  • Marketplaces758 companies · $3.8B raised · 15 hiring
  • Crypto Trading Platforms706 companies · $4.4B raised · 12 hiring
  • Blockchain Protocols652 companies · $9.9B raised · 21 hiring
  • Passion Economy608 companies · $3.8B raised · 12 hiring

Monetization

How Blockchain Technology companies make money

How many companies earn revenue each way. Plenty use more than one model, so the counts add up to more than the sector.

Subscription5,495
Commission on Transaction3,971
E-Commerce - Service1,616
Fee-For-Service1,251
Advertising994
E-Commerce - Product731
Lending344
Freemium287

Funding, M&A and the deals moving Blockchain Technology in the United States

Funding 355Earnings 317Leadership 283M&A 265Contracts 97Lawsuit 91Assets 85Announcement 77Product 65Capital 54
  • M&ABullish has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Equiniti, a leading global transfer agent serving nearly 3,000 issuer clients.2026-05-05
  • M&ARomeo Bravo Software has acquired hospitality guest engagement software provider Zeko to expand its presence in the hospitality technology sector.2026-05-01
  • M&ATwenty One Capital, the bitcoin-native company established by Strike CEO Jack Mallers, Tether, and SoftBank via a merger with Cantor Equity Partners, announced plans to acquire financial services company Strike and global bitcoin-mining platform Elektron.2026-04-30
  • M&AThe move builds on earlier acquisitions of marine weather analytics provider OpenOcean in 2022.2026-04-24
  • M&AAccording to a release, the buyer is Toronto-based Apotex, billed as Canada’s largest pharmaceutical company.2026-04-23
  • M&AKraken has acquired Bitnomial, a futures and options exchange website, in a tech M&A deal valued at $550 million.2026-04-22
  • M&AMangrove Systems has acquired operating assets from Grain Ecosystem, a waste-to-value project operations software specialist, in a tech M&A deal.2026-04-22
  • FundingCore Scientific is preparing a $3.3 billion debt offering as it accelerates its transition from bitcoin mining to high-performance computing infrastructure.2026-04-22
  • FundingHelium Real Estate Tech Real Estate Services B2C $539K - Albinder Dhindsa (Eternal), Kunal Shah (CRED), Pankaj Chaddah (Shyft), Mohit Gupta (COYU), Akriti Chopra (Eternal), Gunjan Patidar, Nitin Gupta (Uni Cards)2026-04-18
  • M&AAmerican Express ($AXP) said on April 16, 2026 it will acquire Hyper, an artificial intelligence-focused expense management startup backed by OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, as the company expands its automation capabilities for commercial clients.2026-04-16

Mergers and acquisitions

Deals from the last 24 months where a Blockchain Technology company in the United States was the buyer or the one bought, newest first. “Undisclosed” means the price was never published — not that the deal was worth nothing.

AcquirerTargetDeal valueStatusDate
Fractaleugenie aiundisclosedAnnounced2026-06-26
Basel Medical Group LtdBitcoin$1BAnnounced2026-05-16
Bullishequiniti$4.2BAnnounced2026-05-05
BakktDistributed Technologies ResearchundisclosedCompleted2026-05-01
romeo bravo softwareZekoundisclosedAnnounced2026-05-01
Tethersoftbankundisclosed2026-04-30

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Details specific events like IPO filings, leadership changes, product launches, and contract wins for companies in the sector.

IPO pipeline
16 companies listed or filing · last 24 months
  • BullishIPO · NYSE · BLSH · 8 reportsApr 2026
  • KrakenIPO · London Stock Exchange · 5 reportsApr 2026
  • BONbLOCIPO · 2 reportsApr 2026
  • FractalIPO · BSE SME · 5 reportsMar 2026
  • AbraSPAC · 1 reportMar 2026
  • BitGoIPO · BTGO · 2 reportsJan 2026
  • GrayscaleIPO · NYSE · GRAY · 3 reportsJan 2026
  • RobloxIPO · 1 reportDec 2025
Leadership moves
103 tracked people moves · last 12 months
  • Crossover MarketsJay Patel · Appointment → Global Head of MarketsMay 2026
  • GreenheartJoseph Brady · Appointment → Board MemberMay 2026
  • BastionAlicia Tutty · Appointment → Media PartnerApr 2026
  • BastionJoanna Barnes · Appointment → Executive Media DirectorApr 2026
  • RobloxSunil Rao · Appointment → Managing DirectorApr 2026
  • BasisChristian Hendricks · Appointment → PresidentApr 2026
  • RobloxJoost Hagesteijn · Appointment → General Manager for EuropeApr 2026
  • StarrVichai Laotrakul · Appointment → Chief Executive OfficerApr 2026
Product launches
tracked launches · last 12 months
  • MoonbouncePlayground (sandboxed environment for policy logic)Apr 2026
  • MoonbounceMoonbounce (AI control engine)Apr 2026
  • AstradyneUniversal Cognitive Communication Matrix™ (UCCM™)Apr 2026
  • LuxorCommander (Software)Apr 2026
  • Anchorage DigitalCollateral Management Service (Collateral Management)Mar 2026
  • FractalLLM Studio (Enterprise AI platform)Mar 2026
  • DoodlesDoodles AI (AI creative tool)Mar 2026
  • Fractalnew intelligent agents within Flyfish.ai (Revenue acceleration platform)Mar 2026
Contract wins
40 customer wins · last 24 months
Workforce actions
10 companies cutting roles · last 24 months
  • Coinbase~660 roles reported · cost reduction, AI challengesMay 2026
  • Cumberlandscale undisclosedApr 2026
  • Reach~50 roles reported · rationalisationOct 2025
  • Consensys~47 roles reported · cost reductionAug 2025
  • Kraken~1,100 roles reported · macroeconomic factorsAug 2025
  • Magna~160 roles reportedJul 2025
Regulatory & litigation
38 regulatory events · 35 tracked suits · 24 months
  • Coinbaseconditionally approved for National Trust Company Charter — Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)Apr 2026
  • Robloxinvestigated for CSAM reporting deficiencies — Senate Judiciary CommitteeApr 2026
  • Goldskyapproved creation of Agnico Eagle as Control Person — TSX Venture ExchangeApr 2026
  • TeraWulfreject application — Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionApr 2026
  • new york v upholdCredEarn settlement dispute · SettledMay 2026
  • exodus v web3 consulting, Garth HowatMerger enforcement / acquisition dispute · FiledApr 2026
Earnings pulse
companies reporting results · last 24 months
52 companies reporting320 company-quarters trackedbeat 51miss 40in line 5

Half of these companies grew revenue faster than +32.0%, half slower.

Who is building Blockchain Technology in the United States

Profiles 4,071 founders and CEOs across 2,742 firms, noting frequent alma maters like Stanford (97) and prior employers such as Google (65).

Founders and chief executives12 of 4,071, from the best-funded companies on this page
Fred Thiel
CEO & Chairman
Fred Thiel

Thiel Advisors, Oden Technologies, Navigate Ventures, Graham Partners, ex-Sequent Software, Utimaco, Predixion Software, AssetPoint.

Brian Armstrong
Co-Founder & Co-CEO
Brian Armstrong

Coinbase, NewLimit · Ex-Founder & CEO UniversityTutor, Airbnb · Rice University BS 2005, MS 2006

Flori Marquez
Co-Founder and Chief Operating Officer
Flori Marquez

Bond Street Servicing, ex-Bond Street, ex-Oak Hill Advisors, Cornell University, 2013

Brad Garlinghouse
CEO
Brad Garlinghouse

Ex-CEO Hightail, Dialpad, AOL, Yahoo · The University of Kansas BA, Harvard Business School MBA 1997

Michael Shaulov
CEO, co-founder
Michael Shaulov

Ex-Lacoon Mobile Security, Lacoon Mobile Security · Ben-Gurion University of the Negev BSc 2009

David Baszucki
Founder & CEO
David Baszucki

Founder Baszucki Group, The Paley Center for Media, ex-Founder Baszucki and Associates, Founder Knowledge Revolution. Stanford University BS

Kevin Chou
Co-Founder
Kevin Chou
repeat founder

Co-Founder Bright Saver, Gen.G esports, SuperLayer, ex-Rally. University of California Berkeley - Haas School of Business

David Ripley
CEO
David Ripley
repeat founder

Lucent Technologies, Kraken Digital Asset Exchange, The Boston Consulting Group, Syclo.University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign BS 1999…

Ivan Wright
Co-Founder & CEO
Ivan Wright

Founder & General Partner - Hodl. The George Washington University Bachelor of Science

Joseph Lubin
Founder
Joseph Lubin
repeat founder

Ex-CEO SyNerG Music, Goldman Sachs · Princeton University BS 1987

Jason Les
CEO
Jason Les

Binary Digital SG.UC Irvine BS 2010

Diogo Monica
Co-Founder
Diogo Monica

Jscrambler, ex-StackRox, Airtable, Docker. Instituto Superior Tecnico BSc 2007, MSc 2009, PhD 2015

Where the founders studied
alma mater on record for 718 of 4,071 founders
Stanford University97
Massachusetts Institute of Technology66
Columbia University58
University of California (Berkeley)57
Harvard University53
Cornell University45
University of Pennsylvania43
Carnegie Mellon University34
Where they worked before
a previous employer on record for 285 of 4,071 founders
Google65
Microsoft55
Facebook34
Amazon28
Goldman Sachs27
Uber20
Apple18
McKinsey17
Founders flagged as repeat founders
of 3,348 founders with a profile on this page
70
carry a repeat-founder flag
  • flagged as repeat founders70
  • no repeat-founder flag3,278
Women and men among the founders
first names matched for 3,566 of 4,071 founders
9%
of matched founders are women
  • women311
  • men3,255
Inferred from first names, using 119 million people who state their own gender: a first name counts only where at least 20 of them share it and at least 90% of those share the same gender. The other 505 founders go in neither column.
Radar

Look up the people behind Blockchain Technology companies in the United States

Search founders, executives and operators by company, role and location.

Who funds Blockchain Technology in the United States

Records 3,363 funding rounds since 2016 from 4,430 investors, with a typical round size of $4.3 million.

Investor · most active investors since 2016RoundsLedLatest
Coinbase16431May 2026
Andreessen Horowitz11174Jun 2025
Polychain9865Nov 2025
Pantera Capital8049Feb 2026
Y Combinator7932Feb 2026
Digital Currency Group7418Dec 2025
Animoca Brands6830Feb 2026
Galaxy6424May 2026
CMT Digital6415Feb 2026
Paradigm5942Jan 2026
Stage mix · rounds since 2016
Seed & Angel1,743
Series A–B970
Series C+ / PE137
Grants, debt & other513

The typical round is $4.3M — half were bigger, half smaller.

The biggest Blockchain Technology funding rounds in the United States

Highlights the largest disclosed round—NYDIG’s $1 billion Series E—and lists ten other large recent rounds.

CompanyRoundSizeWhenBackers
NYDIGSeries Emega-round$1BDec 2021WestCap, Bessemer Venture Partners, FinTech Collective +6 more
CelsiusSeries Bmega-round$750MOct 2021WestCap, CDPQ
ForteSeries Bmega-round$725MNov 2021Kora, Sea Capital, Huuuge Games +12 more
KrakenSeries Dmega-round$600MSep 2025Jane Street, DRW Trading Group, HSG +2 more
MoonPaySeries Amega-round$555MOct 2021Tiger Global Management, Coatue, Blossom Capital +4 more
FireblocksSeries Emega-round$550MJan 2022Spark Capital, General Atlantic, Index Ventures +7 more
RobloxSeries Hmega-round$520MJan 2021Altimeter Capital, Dragoneer Investment Group, Santa Barbara +1 more
RippleSeries Dmega-round$500MNov 2025Fortress, Citadel Securities, Pantera Capital +3 more
TempoSeries Amega-round$500MOct 2025Greenoaks, Thrive Capital, Sequoia Capital +2 more
CircleSeries Emega-round$486.2MJul 2021
Venture round sizes · 2023–2025
<$1M107
$1–10M481
$10–50M197
$50–250M39
>$250M5

829 venture rounds with a disclosed amount in the window.

Fresh cheques · last 6 months

What the news says about Blockchain Technology in the United States

Aggregates 388,949 news articles from the last year, most often covering cryptocurrency effects on forex markets, patent law, regulatory compliance, and macroeconomic forex indicators.

News volume
Blockchain Technology coverage across United States · articles per quarter
2021Q2: 57,3392021Q3: 64,8472021Q4: 59,7572022Q1: 82,4672022Q2: 80,1092022Q3: 76,0652022Q4: 89,7992023Q1: 86,8402023Q2: 102,4632023Q3: 88,9382023Q4: 92,3562024Q1: 98,6532024Q2: 83,8622024Q3: 94,4082024Q4: 124,9562025Q1: 185,1772025Q2: 100,9922025Q3: 94,0202025Q4: 87,5762026Q1: 99,878
2021Q22026Q1
peak 185,177 in 2025Q1 · 388,949 articles in the last 12 tracked months
Tone of coverage
share of articles by dominant sentiment (positive / neutral / negative)
202120232025
Positive-tone share moved 76% → 72%, negative 23% → 26% across 2021–2025.

What the coverage is about

The subjects that dominate Blockchain Technology news in United States. The arrow shows whether each one is being written about more or less than a year ago.

  • Cryptocurrency impact on forex markets256,315▲+40%
  • Patent law & innovation protection116,466▼-99%
  • Regulatory compliance in foreign exchange trading50,160▲+86%
  • Macroeconomic indicators in forex analysis33,018→+1%
  • Artificial intelligence advancements32,181▲+40%
  • Central bank monetary policies impacting forex31,100→+3%
  • Geopolitical events and forex fluctuations27,961→-0%
  • Major currency pair trading (e.g., eur/usd, usd/jpy)26,522▲+14%
  • Fundamental analysis of currency valuations25,952→-2%
  • Impact of trade balances on exchange rates25,815→-3%
Most-covered companies · last 12 months

401 Blockchain Technology companies here were named in the news over this period.

Prism

Watch Blockchain Technology coverage in United States as it happens

Prism follows these subjects story by story — which companies are named, what is said about them and how the tone moves.

Momentum

The words getting louder — and quieter

Which terms are showing up in more stories than a year ago, and which are fading. The percentage is the change in how many articles mention them.

stablecoin fx impact+123%decentralized forex+98%etf trading+96%etfs+94%sector etfs+91%etf structures+95%etf products+103%exchange-traded funds+104%forex liquidity+44%crypto-fiat arbitrage+49%
patent prosecution-99%patent claims-99%patent examination-99%litigation defenses-99%interest differentials fx-40%

The pressures the press keeps returning to

Three recurring angles in United States Blockchain Technology coverage, and whether each is getting more attention year on year (through 2025).

Regulatory Risk ▲ rising
529,024 articles touch this dimension · 62.3% critical tone
20212025
signals: currency intervention policies, inflation reports fx, quantitative easing forex
Funding Momentum ▲ rising
114,156 articles touch this dimension · 48.6% critical tone
20212025
signals: inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies, trade deficits fx
Growth ▲ rising
133,488 articles touch this dimension · 52.9% critical tone
20212025
signals: gdp growth forex, inflation reports fx, trade deficits fx

Blockchain Technology jobs in the United States: who is hiring and what they ask for

Lists 13,548 job postings from 757 employers in the past year, with top skills like Python and Rust and a median salary of $122 k per year.

13,548postings · last 12 months
20,533postings tracked overall
757employers advertising
$122kmedian advertised salary/yr (n=1298)

Demand

The Skills Employers Ask For

What Blockchain Technology employers in the United States put in their job ads. The bar is how many postings ask for it; the arrow shows whether demand grew or shrank against the year before.

  • python528
  • blockchain445
  • typescript443
  • rust403
  • sql350
  • aws341
  • react339
  • kubernetes250
  • go235
  • c++216
What level are these roles?
Entry202
Intern210
Senior2,386
Lead726
Manager3,408
What they pay, by level
  • Manager$105k/yr (n=269)
  • Senior$150k/yr (n=101)
  • Lead$171k/yr (n=47)
Most advertised titles
  • Security207
  • Sales Associate/Stock147
  • Assistant Manager/Co-Manager136
  • Virtual Assistant (Work From Home)77
  • Junior Assistant Manager68
  • Territory Sales Manager62

What Blockchain Technology research in the United States is working on

Summarizes 5,117 papers from India‑affiliated institutions, classifying 791 on common problems, 248 on cautions, and 3,406 on opportunities.

How this field talks about itself
United States-affiliated Blockchain Technology papers (gold) against all published research (grey)
Breakthrough38.5% · 26.5%1.5×
Promising28.1% · 36.7%0.8×
Problem-identifying14.4% · 9.6%1.5×
Descriptive10.7% · 17.8%0.6×
Cautionary4.8% · 4.5%≈ par
Comparative2.4% · 4.0%0.6×

United States-affiliated Blockchain Technology literature runs 1.5× more “breakthrough” than science at large (38.5% vs 26.5% baseline).

How the work is done
Methods-led56.0%
Reviews17.7%
Empirical14.7%
Position pieces9.4%
Theoretical2.2%
How the research reads

95% positive · 1% neutral · 4% negative, across 5,117 papers.

The institutions doing the work · United States
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology8k
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio8k
  • Worcester Polytechnic Institute6k
  • Cornell University6k
  • Old Dominion University5k
  • North Carolina State University5k

ranked by how often their work is cited

Leading researchers · United States-affiliated work

Joseph Sarkis · Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo · Mahtab Kouhizadeh · Michael Devetsikiotis · Konstantinos Christidis · Sara Saberi · Lejia Shen · Dusit Niyato

The most-cited breakthroughs
  • Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data · 2k cites
  • MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management · 2k cites
  • Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts · 2k cites
  • OmniLedger: A Secure, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger via Sharding · 1k cites
  • MeDShare: Trust-Less Medical Data Sharing Among Cloud Service Providers via Blockchain · 1k cites
Common problems researchers identify721 papers · 7 recurring themes
Governance and Transparency Gaps — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 01
Governance and Transparency Gaps
206 papers · 28.6% of this block
2022: 118 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 122 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 91 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 172 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 118 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 122 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 91 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 172 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▲ +45% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Researchers highlight weaknesses in corporate governance and transparency when using blockchain and smart contracts.
Blockchain · Corporate governance · Transparency · Smart contract
“A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges”
206 of these papers raise it as a problem
Security and Privacy Risks — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 02
Security and Privacy Risks
192 papers · 26.6% of this block
2022: 436 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 424 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 372 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 221 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 436 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 424 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 372 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 221 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -49% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Papers flag vulnerabilities in blockchain systems, emphasizing threats to security and privacy.
Computer security · Blockchain · Cryptocurrency · Internet privacy
“Introduction to Security and Privacy on the Blockchain”
192 of these papers raise it as a problem
Supply‑Chain Traceability Issues — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 03
Supply‑Chain Traceability Issues
108 papers · 15.0% of this block
2022: 883 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 929 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 895 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 952 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 883 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 929 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 895 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 952 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▲ +8% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Studies point out challenges in applying blockchain to traceability and management of supply chains.
Supply chain · Blockchain · Supply chain management · Traceability
“Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management”
108 of these papers raise it as a problem
Healthcare Interoperability Barriers — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 04
Healthcare Interoperability Barriers
69 papers · 9.6% of this block
2022: 3,463 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 3,483 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 3,110 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 3,328 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 3,463 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 3,483 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 3,110 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 3,328 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -4% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Works identify obstacles to data sharing and interoperability of blockchain in health‑care settings.
Health care · Blockchain · Interoperability · Data sharing
“Blockchain technology in healthcare: Challenges and opportunities”
69 of these papers raise it as a problem
Misconceptions About Distributed Ledgers — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 05
Misconceptions About Distributed Ledgers
53 papers · 7.4% of this block
2022: 114 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 106 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 79 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 97 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 114 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 106 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 79 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 97 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -15% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Authors critique common misunderstandings of cryptocurrency and ledger technology.
Distributed ledger · Ledger · Cryptocurrency · Blockchain
“Blockchain Technology: Transforming Libertarian Cryptocurrency Dreams to Finance and Banking Realities”
53 of these papers raise it as a problem
Philosophical and Ethical Concerns — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 06
Philosophical and Ethical Concerns
47 papers · 6.5% of this block
2022: 190 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 183 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 125 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 66 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 190 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 183 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 125 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 66 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -66% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Research explores epistemological questions and ethical implications of immutable, decentralized data.
Philosophy · Epistemology · Immutability · Cloud computing
“Credible Decentralized Exchange Design via Verifiable Sequencing Rules”
47 of these papers raise it as a problem
IoT Security Integration Challenges — Common problems researchers identify
Problems · theme 07
IoT Security Integration Challenges
46 papers · 6.4% of this block
2022: 913 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 934 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 1,039 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 935 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 913 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 934 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 1,039 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 935 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▲ +2% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Papers discuss difficulties of securing IoT devices through blockchain‑based intrusion detection.
Internet of Things · Computer security · Blockchain · Intrusion detection system
“Addressing Security and Privacy Issues of IoT Using Blockchain Technology”
46 of these papers raise it as a problem
Cautions219 papers · 4 recurring themes
Smart‑Contract and Crypto Caution — Cautions
Cautions · theme 01
Smart‑Contract and Crypto Caution
103 papers · 47.0% of this block
2022: 136 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 126 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 89 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 105 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 136 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 126 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 89 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 105 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -23% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Authors urge careful evaluation of smart‑contract designs and cryptocurrency platforms.
Blockchain · Computer security · Smart contract · Cryptocurrency
“Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts”
103 of these papers raise it as a problem
Supply‑Chain Governance Risks — Cautions
Cautions · theme 02
Supply‑Chain Governance Risks
63 papers · 28.8% of this block
2022: 919 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 972 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 932 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 1,045 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 919 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 972 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 932 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 1,045 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▲ +14% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Works caution about governance complexities when adopting blockchain in supply‑chain contexts.
Supply chain · Blockchain · Corporate governance · Supply chain management
“An analysis of strategies for adopting blockchain technology in the fresh product supply chain”
63 of these papers raise it as a problem
Healthcare Security Warnings — Cautions
Cautions · theme 03
Healthcare Security Warnings
36 papers · 16.4% of this block
2022: 3,424 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 3,442 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 3,079 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 3,291 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 3,424 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 3,442 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 3,079 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 3,291 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -4% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Studies warn of security and interoperability pitfalls for blockchain in health‑care applications.
Health care · Computer security · Blockchain · Interoperability
“Blockchain in healthcare: A comprehensive review of applications and security concerns”
36 of these papers raise it as a problem
Ledger Settlement Concerns — Cautions
Cautions · theme 04
Ledger Settlement Concerns
17 papers · 7.8% of this block
2022: 27 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 27 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 17 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 22 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 27 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 27 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 17 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 22 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -19% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Research highlights regulatory and audit challenges of blockchain settlement and accounting processes.
Distributed ledger · Ledger · Blockchain · Settlement
“Thinking Outside the Block: Projected Phases of Blockchain Integration in the Accounting Industry”
17 of these papers raise it as a problem
Opportunities3,199 papers · 7 recurring themes
Network Authentication and Security — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 01
Network Authentication and Security
820 papers · 25.6% of this block
2022: 712 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 660 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 452 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 205 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 712 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 660 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 452 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 205 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -71% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Opportunities focus on using blockchain to strengthen authentication and protect computer networks.
Computer security · Blockchain · Authentication · Computer network
“Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges”
Transparency in Finance and Taxation — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 02
Transparency in Finance and Taxation
674 papers · 21.1% of this block
2022: 175 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 162 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 115 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 174 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 175 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 162 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 115 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 174 of every 10,000 papers on this subject→ -1% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Papers explore blockchain’s potential to increase transparency in financial markets and tax compliance.
Blockchain · Transparency · Database transaction · Cryptocurrency
“The role of Blockchain technology in enhancing transparency and trust in green finance markets”
Scalable Distributed Learning — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 03
Scalable Distributed Learning
530 papers · 16.6% of this block
2022: 481 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 451 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 279 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 180 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 481 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 451 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 279 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 180 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -62% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Research proposes blockchain frameworks to enable secure, scalable federated learning and reinforcement‑learning tasks.
Blockchain · Distributed computing · Distributed ledger · Reinforcement learning
“Secure and Scalable Blockchain-Based Federated Learning for Cryptocurrency Fraud Detection: A Systematic Review”
Secure Scalable IoT Platforms — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 04
Secure Scalable IoT Platforms
310 papers · 9.7% of this block
2022: 994 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 1,032 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 1,110 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 1,147 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 994 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 1,032 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 1,110 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 1,147 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▲ +15% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Works present blockchain‑based architectures for robust, scalable IoT networks.
Internet of Things · Blockchain · Computer security · Scalability
“Hybrid Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Internet of Things (IoT) Networks (HB-IoT): A Novel Approach”
Enhanced Supply‑Chain Traceability — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 05
Enhanced Supply‑Chain Traceability
299 papers · 9.3% of this block
2022: 883 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 929 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 895 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 952 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 883 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 929 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 895 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 952 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▲ +8% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Studies highlight blockchain solutions that improve traceability and efficiency in supply‑chain management.
Supply chain · Traceability · Supply chain management · Blockchain
“Applications of Blockchain to Improve Supply Chain Traceability”
Patient‑Centric Health Data Sharing — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 06
Patient‑Centric Health Data Sharing
295 papers · 9.2% of this block
2022: 3,424 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 3,443 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 3,084 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 3,266 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 3,424 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 3,443 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 3,084 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 3,266 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -5% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Papers describe blockchain approaches for secure, trustworthy sharing of medical records.
Health care · Blockchain · Computer security · Data sharing
“Blockchain in Healthcare: A Patient-Centered Model”
Smart‑Contract Development — Opportunities
Opportunities · theme 07
Smart‑Contract Development
271 papers · 8.5% of this block
2022: 48 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 46 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 26 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 28 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2022: 48 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2023: 46 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2024: 26 of every 10,000 papers on this subject2025: 28 of every 10,000 papers on this subject▼ -42% share2022→2025 share of research on this subject
Research showcases advances in designing and deploying secure smart contracts for various applications.
Smart contract · Blockchain · Solidity · Computer security
“Design and Implementation of Smart Contract in Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain and Internet of Things”

Which of these themes are growing fastest

Tracks the changing share of research themes worldwide from 2022 to 2025.

Problems
how much more (or less) of the world’s research on this subject each theme took up, 2022→2025
gaining sharelosing share
Governance and Transparency Gaps▲+45%
Supply‑Chain Traceability Issues▲+8%
IoT Security Integration Challenges▲+2%
Healthcare Interoperability Barriers▼-4%
Misconceptions About Distributed Ledgers▼-15%
Security and Privacy Risks▼-49%
Philosophical and Ethical Concerns▼-66%
Cautions
how much more (or less) of the world’s research on this subject each theme took up, 2022→2025
gaining sharelosing share
Supply‑Chain Governance Risks▲+14%
Healthcare Security Warnings▼-4%
Ledger Settlement Concerns▼-19%
Smart‑Contract and Crypto Caution▼-23%
Opportunities
how much more (or less) of the world’s research on this subject each theme took up, 2022→2025
gaining sharelosing share
Secure Scalable IoT Platforms▲+15%
Enhanced Supply‑Chain Traceability▲+8%
Transparency in Finance and Taxation▼-1%
Patient‑Centric Health Data Sharing▼-5%
Smart‑Contract Development▼-42%
Scalable Distributed Learning▼-62%
Network Authentication and Security▼-71%
Prism

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Research themes, patent activity and the companies commercialising them, in one place.

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Radar finds and filters the companies. Prism watches what is being said about them.

About this data: built from Fliar's company, founder, funding, hiring, jobs, news and research trackers, covering the United States. Counts are of companies we track, not of every company that exists. Updated August 2026.
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