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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE THE UNITED KINGDOM EDITION 2026

the United Kingdom’s
decentralised finance industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping decentralised finance in the United Kingdom. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Decentralised Finance Industry Landscape of the United Kingdom
GB
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Decentralised Finance illustration
Companies tracked 358Decentralised Finance ecosystem in the United Kingdom Disclosed funding $5.74B127 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 5With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 90 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore the United Kingdom’s decentralised finance leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Decentralised Finance company highlights in the United Kingdom, snapshot 3 September 2026
Company
LendInvestlendinvest.com$2.36B1 roles181Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
CrowdPropertycrowdproperty.com$440.26M—31—
Landbaylandbay.co.uk$403.67M—97—
SoMosomo.co.uk$400.17M—39—
Blend Networkblendnetwork.com$252.43M—6—
1inch1inch.com$192.8M———
ZenMEVzenmev.com$140M———
R3r3.com$126.5M—19—
Re7 Capitalre7.capital—4 roles——
GFO-Xgfo-x.com—2 roles2—
Adharaadhara.io—1 roles4—
Euler Labseulerlabs.com—1 roles19—
Aaveaave.com——6Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Code4renacode4rena.com——33—
Cult Wineswineinvestment.com——61—
Heatioheatio.com————
Hodl Hodlhodlhodl.com——1—
IoTeXiotex.io——63—
Kavakenkavaken.com——13—
Kuflinkkuflink.com——10—
ParFinparfin.io——69—
Pharos Networkpharosnetwork.xyz————
Ramp Networkrampnetwork.com————
TENten.xyz————
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only

Explore the live startup set in Radar

No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.

Explore classified startups in Radar ↗
THE KEY SIGNALS

Decentralised Finance industry KPIs in the United Kingdom

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

3 September 2026
Hiring participation1.4%

5 of 358 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation40.8%

146 of 358 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share55.8%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$2.8M

Midpoint of 205 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 55.8% of disclosed capital, while 59.2% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How the United Kingdom decentralised finance has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

the United Kingdom decentralised finance
$0$414.45M$828.9M$1.24B$1.66B2016: $89.92M20162017: $152.56M20172018: $219.78M20182019: $852.84M20192020: $523.31M20202021: $1.45B20212022: $436.67M20222023: $254.8M20232024: $936.63M20242025: $318.95M2025
View the numbers
Annual decentralised finance funding and company formation in the United Kingdom
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$89.92M83
2017$152.56M229
2018$219.78M2915
2019$852.84M217
2020$523.31M4413
2021$1.45B5332
2022$436.67M5920
2023$254.8M4227
2024$936.63M3330
2025$318.95M113
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • LendInvest41.1%
  • CrowdProperty7.7%
  • Landbay7.0%
  • Other companies44.2%

Funding by stage

246 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel119 48.4%
Series A–B62 25.2%
Series C+ / PE3 1.2%
Grants, debt & other62 25.2%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
3 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Seed05/2026
Saturn Credit $2M

Backed by Spartan Group and Anchorage Digital and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series B12/2021
1inch1inch.com$175M

Backed by Amber Group and Jane Street and others.

Series A05/2017
R3r3.com$107M

Backed by Bank of America and Wells Fargo and others.

Series B12/2022
Aztecaztec.network$100M

Backed by Andreessen Horowitz and A.Capital Ventures and others.

Series A04/2024
IoTeXiotex.io$50M

Backed by Borderless Capital and Amber Group and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Expand panel +

Annual accounts availability

Exact designated identities and reviewed filing records were checked, but this page has neither a qualifying preview account nor a target cohort meeting the ten-entity aggregate floor.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the the United Kingdom companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

7 of the 358 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (2%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 120,967 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
Pharos Networkpharosnetwork.xyz398,024230.9%
Ramp Networkrampnetwork.com324,3384367.8%
1inch1inch.com158,5633916.6%
Hodl Hodlhodlhodl.com120,9673734%
Datai Networkdatai.network85,424220%
Loanpadloanpad.com75,0522568.6%
Eulereuler.finance33,921290.2%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

21 of these companies (5.9%) publish at least one Android app — 24 apps in all, carrying 4.1M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
OMOmega Network2.6M4.1Social
1inch: DeFi Crypto Wallet1inch664.8K4.1Finance
GoodDollar: Claim Crypto UBIGoodDollar550.3K4.1Finance
ioPay Wallet: Trade & PredictIoTeX201.5K4.3Tools
UpesaUpesa38.7K3.6Finance
Ramp Network: Buy Crypto & BTCRamp Network32K4.2Finance
AQRUAQRU14.1K—Finance
Ucam - Private Home CameraIoTeX12.1K2.9Tools
Flare Transaction VerifierFlare Networks3.6K—Tools
DexTradeDexTrade3.3K—Finance

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q3–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Cryptocurrencies53.8MOM 2.6M
Blockchain Infrastructure203.5MGoodDollar: Claim Crypto UBI 550.3K
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations3878.4K1inch: DeFi Crypto Wallet 664.8K
Internet Of Things Infrastructure2213.6KioPay Wallet: Trade & Predict 201.5K
Investment Tech33.4KKuflink Invest P2P 2.5K

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2022Q4: 32022Q4: 02022Q42023Q3: 32023Q3: 02023Q32024Q1: 12024Q1: 02024Q12024Q4: 12024Q4: 22024Q42025Q1: 22025Q1: 22025Q12025Q3: 32025Q3: 62025Q32026Q1: 12026Q1: 22026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 23 of 24 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The the United Kingdom decentralised finance market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Web 3.0320
Fintech249
Deep tech223
Enterprise tech221
Consumer digital218
Blockchain in financial services184
Decentralized finance184
Enterprise software57
Marketplaces44
Crypto mining42
Crypto exchanges28
Internet first lenders28

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Web 3.0

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

320companies
1.2%have hiring activity

4 companies hiring · $1.55B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription277
Commission on transaction193
Lending63
Fee-for-service36
E-commerce - service26
Advertising15
E-commerce - product12
Freemium7
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 9 dated reports
Mergers & acquisitionszenrocklabs.io ↗

As per the deal announced earlier, the acquirer group has entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire 50.8 percent (1.63 crore shares) of Indo Borax & Chemicals from the existing promoter group at Rs 256.30 per share.

Funding roundseuler.finance ↗

Euler, an Icelandic startup developing artificial-intelligence software for real-time fault detection in 3D printing, has raised €2 million in seed funding to accelerate commercialization. The round was co-led by Frumtak Ventures, an Icelandic early-stage investment firm, and Kvanted, a Nordic venture-capital company focused on industrial innovation.

Mergers & acquisitionsbladewallet.io ↗

For Joby, one of the biggest flying taxi startups in the U.S., that involved acquiring New York-based helicopter operator Blade for $125 million.

Mergers & acquisitionsbsx.exchange ↗

BSX entered a ‘merger of equals’ with IDM International to acquire the Mankayan copper-gold project in the Philippines last week.

Funding roundslendinvest.com ↗

and the £1.5bn funding agreement with JP Morgan announced last September.

Mergers & acquisitionslandvault.io ↗

iR acquired Landvault, a portfolio company of the first Sure Valley Ventures fund (SVV1), in July 2024.

Mergers & acquisitionsr3.com ↗

R3 is MediaSense’s second major acquisition in six months, following its purchase of PwC’s UK marketing and media advisory team in May.

New productsaave.com ↗

Reacting to a surge in user activity, Aave has announced a change across its V4 deployment, adjusting deposit caps for a range of the assets within the system.

Earningsten.xyz ↗

Gross Revenue $3.50 million 1.07 -$2.97 million ($6.15) -0.20

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 67 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Leadership moves
18
Company announcements
17
Mergers & acquisitions
8
Funding rounds
6
Earnings
6
New products
6
Buyback
2
Contracts
2
Regulatory
1
Asset acquisitions
1
4 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

4 tracked people moves

R3 ↗
Na

Appointment president

LendInvest ↗
Hugo Davies

Termination Previously Chief Capital Officer

TEN ↗
Breah Stump

Appointment Chief of Staff

TEN ↗
Hooman Yazhari

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Aave ↗
Aave V4

Feature

IoTeX ↗
Real-World AI Foundry

Open Ecosystem for Real-World AI

R3 ↗
R3 Labs

Platform

Contract wins

2 recorded customer wins

R3 ↗

Customer: major French retailerRetail

Blade ↗

Customer: emirates groupAviation

Regulatory events

1 recorded events

Aave ↗

investigation droppedUS Securities and Exchange Commission

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
TNA→foodesignCompleted2026-05-01Not stated in snapshot
jezby ventures→Blade ↗Announced2026-04-30Not stated in snapshot
Zenrock→Indo Borax & ChemicalsAnnounced2025-12-16Not stated in snapshot
joby→Blade ↗Announced2025-08-21$125.0M
BSX→IDM International2025-02-12Not stated in snapshot
infinite reality→LandVault ↗Completed2025-01-24Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

48 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 131-posting snapshot covers 7 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Technical Web3 Product Manager1
0 internship postings

13 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

1 postings specify a level.

unspecified
130
manager
1

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 131 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Rust
14
Solana
13
Distributed Systems
9
Aws
9
Gcp
7
Tezos
7
Business Development
7
C++
7
Fintech
7
Consensus Protocols
6
THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

301 founders and chief executives across 189 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

48 profiles with education records.

University College London
7
University of Oxford
7
Imperial College London
6
University of Cambridge
5
London School of Economics and Political Science
3
King’s College London
2
Harvard University
2
National University of Singapore (NUS)
2

Prior employers

10 profiles with prior-work records.

Morgan Stanley
2
Google
2
Amazon
2
Goldman Sachs
1
Microsoft
1
Facebook
1
Uber
1
Apple
1

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Decentralised Finance research is working on

52,518 papers in the recorded worldwide scope.

Expand panel +
52,518papers
52,518worldwide comparison pool
—India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Breakthrough
18,064
Promising
17,596
Problem-identifying
7,918
Descriptive
5,111
Cautionary
2,046
Comparative
1,363
Critical
420

Contribution mix

Methods-led
30,312
Empirical
9,132
Reviews
8,260
Position pieces
3,943
Theoretical
871

Tone counts: 50,048 positive · 868 neutral · 1,602 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
8,338 papers · 15.9% of this field
  • Blockchain7,054 papers
  • Computer security2,491 papers
  • Cryptocurrency809 papers
  • Supply chain754 papers
  • Transparency609 papers
  • Distributed ledger539 papers
  • Internet of Things493 papers
  • Smart contract439 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management

Cautions
2,046 papers · 3.9% of this field
  • Blockchain1,716 papers
  • Computer security477 papers
  • Transparency256 papers
  • Supply chain253 papers
  • Cryptocurrency203 papers
  • Database transaction143 papers
  • Distributed ledger128 papers
  • Scalability124 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology: principles and applications

Opportunities
35,660 papers · 67.9% of this field
  • Blockchain29,262 papers
  • Computer security11,114 papers
  • Supply chain3,027 papers
  • Transparency2,935 papers
  • Scalability2,764 papers
  • Database transaction2,537 papers
  • Smart contract2,410 papers
  • Internet of Things2,158 papers

Landmark: Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger

Leading institutions

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
16,725
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
13,609
Sun Yat-sen University
13,084
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
12,886
Nanyang Technological University
11,775
UNSW Sydney
11,594

Leading researchers

Zibin Zheng
10,208
Dusit Niyato
7,129
Khaled Salah
6,612
Joseph Sarkis
6,172
Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo
5,983
Hong‐Ning Dai
5,616
Mahtab Kouhizadeh
5,437
Gavin Wood
5,313

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger5,313 citations
  • Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data2,482 citations
  • MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management2,377 citations
  • Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts2,164 citations
  • Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World1,671 citations

Common problems researchers identify

7,570 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Governance and Transparency GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Governance and Transparency Gaps

2,099 papers

35.0% of this theme group

Researchers highlight how blockchain adoption challenges corporate governance, financial transparency, and sustainable development.

Blockchain (1,813) · Corporate governance (168) · Cryptocurrency (266) · Transparency (222)

Blockchain - A Financial Technology for Future Sustainable Development

A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022170.0
2023168.0
2024137.1
2025218.4
Security and Privacy RisksCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Security and Privacy Risks

1,621 papers

27.0% of this theme group

Papers flag vulnerabilities in blockchain security, cryptographic weaknesses, and privacy threats for internet users.

Computer security (1,344) · Blockchain (1,535) · Internet privacy (147) · Cryptography (83)

A Survey of Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges

Blockchain Security and Privacy: Threats, Challenges, Applications, and Tools

View research history
YearShare index
2022570.7
2023566.8
2024458.7
2025342.0
Supply‑Chain Traceability IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Supply‑Chain Traceability Issues

669 papers

11.2% of this theme group

Studies point to difficulties integrating blockchain for reliable tracking and management of supply‑chain processes.

Supply chain (517) · Supply chain management (170) · Blockchain (626) · Traceability (172)

A Framework for Exploring Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management

Perspectives for the implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain

View research history
YearShare index
2022940.2
2023991.9
2024953.0
20251051.2
Healthcare Data Protection ConcernsCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Healthcare Data Protection Concerns

444 papers

7.4% of this theme group

Research reveals challenges protecting health records and ensuring secure blockchain use in medical contexts.

Health care (256) · Blockchain (420) · Computer security (195) · Health records (22)

Privacy and Security of Blockchain in Healthcare: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Application of Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare System

View research history
YearShare index
20223768.9
20233778.2
20243409.8
20253667.1
IoT Security and Privacy GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 05

IoT Security and Privacy Gaps

397 papers

6.6% of this theme group

Works identify shortcomings of blockchain when securing IoT devices and preserving user privacy.

Internet of Things (316) · Blockchain (371) · Computer security (250) · Internet privacy (43)

Addressing Security and Privacy Issues of IoT Using Blockchain Technology

Towards the Integration of Blockchain and IoT for Security Challenges in IoT

View research history
YearShare index
20221270.8
20231286.9
20241346.8
20251123.1
Smart‑Contract VulnerabilitiesCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Smart‑Contract Vulnerabilities

389 papers

6.5% of this theme group

Analyses expose weaknesses and attack surfaces in smart‑contract code and execution.

Smart contract (283) · Computer security (174) · Blockchain (212) · Vulnerability (28)

An Overview of Smart Contract and Use Cases in Blockchain Technology

Security, Performance, and Applications of Smart Contracts: A Systematic Survey

View research history
YearShare index
202258.6
202358.3
202435.2
202537.7
Distributed Ledger StandardizationCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Distributed Ledger Standardization

381 papers

6.3% of this theme group

Literature notes the lack of common standards and interoperability across ledger and cryptocurrency platforms.

Distributed ledger (320) · Ledger (126) · Cryptocurrency (101) · Blockchain (234)

Understanding the landscape of Distributed Ledger Technologies/Blockchain: Challenges, opportunities, and the prospects for standards

Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies

View research history
YearShare index
2022118.2
2023110.4
202479.8
202596.5

Cautions

1,815 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Audit and Accounting ImplicationsCautions · 01

Audit and Accounting Implications

495 papers

27.3% of this theme group

Authors caution about the impact of blockchain on auditing practices and financial reporting accuracy.

Blockchain (450) · Transparency (108) · Corporate governance (57) · Accounting (40)

Impact of Blockchain Technology in Auditing and Financial Transparency

Understanding the Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Financial Information Systems

View research history
YearShare index
2022164.0
2023170.7
2024130.3
2025173.0
Beyond Crypto: Security ApplicationsCautions · 02

Beyond Crypto: Security Applications

386 papers

21.3% of this theme group

Researchers advise careful evaluation of blockchain for broader cybersecurity uses such as voting and cloud data protection.

Computer security (317) · Blockchain (374) · Internet privacy (35) · Voting (22)

Blockchain Technology in Cybersecurity: Uses Beyond Cryptocurrencies

Implementation of Blockchain Technology to Enhance Data Security for Cloud Computing

View research history
YearShare index
2022389.3
2023386.9
2024343.4
2025171.2
Scalability and Consensus LimitsCautions · 03

Scalability and Consensus Limits

364 papers

20.1% of this theme group

Papers warn that proof‑of‑work and network capacity constraints hinder large‑scale blockchain deployments.

Blockchain (285) · Cryptocurrency (64) · Scalability (48) · Proof-of-work system (16)

On Availability for Blockchain-Based Systems

Exploring Blockchain Architectures for Network Sharing: Advantages, Limitations, and Suitability

View research history
YearShare index
2022234.9
2023241.4
2024174.0
2025354.9
Supply‑Chain Transparency Trade‑offsCautions · 04

Supply‑Chain Transparency Trade‑offs

253 papers

13.9% of this theme group

Studies discuss potential drawbacks and implementation challenges when using blockchain for supply‑chain visibility.

Supply chain (211) · Supply chain management (72) · Traceability (63) · Blockchain (240)

Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: Prospects and Challenges

Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Supply Chain Transparency: Opportunities and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022940.2
2023991.9
2024953.0
20251051.2
Healthcare Interoperability HurdlesCautions · 05

Healthcare Interoperability Hurdles

119 papers

6.6% of this theme group

Works highlight difficulties achieving seamless data exchange and security across medical systems with blockchain.

Health care (86) · Blockchain (113) · Interoperability (30) · Computer security (50)

Blockchain for Securing AI-Driven Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Research Perspectives

Healthcare Management using Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20223806.5
20233816.6
20243436.5
20253725.0
Banking Ledger Adoption RisksCautions · 06

Banking Ledger Adoption Risks

109 papers

6.0% of this theme group

Authors note regulatory, compliance, and operational concerns surrounding blockchain use in loan and credit processes.

Distributed ledger (95) · Ledger (44) · Blockchain (71) · Cryptocurrency (22)

Review on Blockchain Technology

BLOCKCHAIN IN BANKING: A REVIEW OF DISTRIBUTED LEDGER APPLICATIONS IN LOAN PROCESSING, CREDIT HISTORY, AND COMPLIANCE

View research history
YearShare index
2022118.2
2023110.4
202479.8
202596.5
Smart‑Contract Performance LimitsCautions · 07

Smart‑Contract Performance Limits

89 papers

4.9% of this theme group

Research points to efficiency and reliability issues when deploying smart contracts for database transactions.

Smart contract (62) · Computer security (29) · Vulnerability (6) · Database transaction (13)

On Smart Contracts and Organisational Performance: A Review of Smart Contracts through the Blockchain Technology

Smart Contract in Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022147.2
2023138.8
202481.1
2025134.1

Opportunities

32,781 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Scalable Distributed ComputingOpportunities · 01

Scalable Distributed Computing

1,471 papers

24.5% of this theme group

Innovations aim to improve blockchain throughput and transaction handling through sharding and adaptive consensus.

Blockchain (1,155) · Distributed computing (188) · Scalability (211) · Database transaction (210)

A Secure and Efficient Blockchain Sharding Scheme via Hybrid Consensus and Dynamic Management

LearningChain: A Highly Scalable and Applicable Learning-Based Blockchain Performance Optimization Framework

View research history
YearShare index
2022607.3
2023583.1
2024368.6
2025466.4
Secure Data Sharing FrameworksOpportunities · 02

Secure Data Sharing Frameworks

1,420 papers

23.7% of this theme group

Proposals focus on using blockchain for trustworthy threat intelligence exchange and protected network communications.

Computer security (1,028) · Blockchain (1,290) · Authentication (149) · Computer network (123)

A Trusted, Verifiable and Differential Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing Framework using Blockchain

A Security-Oriented Data-Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022721.7
2023664.9
2024440.6
2025200.2
Enhanced Governance TransparencyOpportunities · 03

Enhanced Governance Transparency

1,034 papers

17.2% of this theme group

Studies explore blockchain’s potential to strengthen information system security and corporate governance reliability.

Blockchain (967) · Transparency (214) · Computer security (312) · Corporate governance (65)

Enhancing Security and Reliability of Information Systems through Blockchain Technology: A Case Study on Impacts and Potential

Securing Management Information Systems Using Blockchain Technology

View research history
YearShare index
202273.2
202380.4
202471.4
2025142.3
Sustainable Supply‑Chain SolutionsOpportunities · 04

Sustainable Supply‑Chain Solutions

596 papers

9.9% of this theme group

Research demonstrates blockchain enabling greener manufacturing practices and more accountable supply‑chain management.

Supply chain (469) · Supply chain management (132) · Traceability (203) · Blockchain (550)

Applications of Blockchain Technology in Sustainable Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Review

Application of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management

View research history
YearShare index
2022940.2
2023991.9
2024953.0
20251051.2
IoT Privacy and AuthenticationOpportunities · 05

IoT Privacy and Authentication

518 papers

8.6% of this theme group

Works propose blockchain integration to boost privacy, authentication, and efficiency in industrial IoT environments.

Internet of Things (319) · Blockchain (457) · Computer security (268) · Computer network (48)

Resolving Security Issues in the IoT Using Blockchain

Securing Industrial IoT: Blockchain-Integrated Solutions for Enhanced Privacy, Authentication, and Efficiency

View research history
YearShare index
20221472.2
20231458.9
20241376.0
20251126.7
Secure Health‑Record ExchangeOpportunities · 06

Secure Health‑Record Exchange

501 papers

8.3% of this theme group

Papers present blockchain‑based systems for trustworthy, privacy‑preserving sharing of electronic medical records.

Health care (181) · Blockchain (469) · Computer security (291) · Health records (25)

Secure and Trustable Electronic Medical Records Sharing using Blockchain.

Integrity and Privacy-Aware, Patient-Centric Health Record Access Control Framework Using a Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20223768.9
20233778.2
20243409.8
20253667.1
Robust Smart‑Contract PlatformsOpportunities · 07

Robust Smart‑Contract Platforms

460 papers

7.7% of this theme group

Research targets strengthening smart‑contract security and reliability for construction and other sector applications.

Smart contract (330) · Vulnerability (36) · Computer security (183) · Blockchain (249)

Blockchain contract: Securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts

A framework for smart construction contracts using BIM and blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
202258.6
202358.3
202435.2
202537.7

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Breakthrough34.4%25.9%
Promising33.5%37.1%
Problem-identifying15.1%9.7%
Descriptive9.7%17.7%
Cautionary3.9%4.8%
Comparative2.6%4.0%
Critical0.8%0.9%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceA Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things5,91612.38%1,156 (19.5%)12.38%
Safety & misuseFake News, Disinformation, and Deepfakes: Leveraging Distributed Ledger Technologies and Blockchain to Combat Digital De790.17%16 (20.3%)0.17%
Bias & fairnessToward Fairness of Cryptocurrency Payments630.13%13 (20.6%)0.13%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainBlockchain Technology for Sustainable Waste Management450.09%2 (4.4%)0.09%
Concentration of compute powerThe (Limited) Power of Blockchain Networks for Information Provision340.07%11 (32.4%)0.07%
Energy & datacenter footprintOptimization of Green Computing in Data Privacy in Healthcare BCT Framework320.07%3 (9.4%)0.07%
Labour & data workProposal for an integrative performance framework based on Distributed Ledger Technology dedicated to higher education s200.04%5 (25.0%)0.04%
Carbon & emissions of computeLattice-Like Blockchain System for Maintaining the Data Privacy in the Distributed Computation of Carbon Emission80.02%0 (0.0%)0.02%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: worldwide. This may be broader than the company geography.

DEMAND, SUPPLY & PLACE

Where demand signals run ahead of mapped supply — the United Kingdom

Compare demand signals in the United Kingdom’s newsflow with the decentralised finance categories mapped to each signal.

Expand panel +
HOW TO READ THE GAP

Signal percentile − supply percentile = gap in percentile points. Positive gaps highlight questions to investigate. A high signal can reflect spending pressure or access friction, as well as potential demand.

The comparison is relative to the signal families on this page. A supply percentile of zero means the lowest relative reading, not zero companies. It is a prioritisation clue, not measured market size or unmet demand.

COMPARISON PERIOD2025-07-01 to 2026-07-01Against 2024-07-01 to 2025-07-01Explore the signals ↓

The opportunity, in one view

Signal and mapped-supply percentiles, their gap, and change in the signal’s article share.

Swipe horizontally to compare all columns →

8 the United Kingdom demand signals compared with mapped decentralised finance supply
Signal familySignal percentileSupply percentileRelative gapGap (points)Signal share vs prior year
Lending & credit access ↗Demand Driver71.433.3+38.1+52.4%
Layoffs & income shocks ↗Spending Pressure71.433.3+38.1+37.0%
Interest rates & policy ↗Macro Pressure50.033.3+16.7+11.3%
Crypto & digital assets ↗Adoption Shift64.3100.0-35.7+73.7%
Market volatility ↗Macro Pressure50.0—No matching category—+69.7%
Financial inclusion ↗Demand Driver28.6—No matching category—+47.4%
Fraud, scams & consumer trust ↗Trust Friction28.6—No matching category—+5.2%
Data & privacy regulation ↗Compliance Pressure35.7—No matching category—+19.3%

Showing all 8 signals. Select a family for its history and mapped categories.

Where the signals are loudest

All 12 city readings for these demand families in the comparison geography. the United Kingdom is highlighted.

Mentions per 10,000 articles

Each city’s reading is a share of its own coverage.

Colorado158.6

Layoffs & income shocks · Interest rates & policy · Crypto & digital assets

London101.6

Interest rates & policy · Layoffs & income shocks · Lending & credit access

Wiltshire93.0

Crypto & digital assets · Market volatility · Fraud, scams & consumer trust

Hong Kong80.4

Interest rates & policy · Fraud, scams & consumer trust · Market volatility

Scotland76.3

Interest rates & policy · Layoffs & income shocks · Fraud, scams & consumer trust

Kent54.0

Fraud, scams & consumer trust · Layoffs & income shocks · Interest rates & policy

Lancashire50.7

Layoffs & income shocks · Crypto & digital assets · Lending & credit access

Northern Ireland46.8

Layoffs & income shocks · Lending & credit access · Financial inclusion

Edinburgh45.8

Layoffs & income shocks · Lending & credit access · Data & privacy regulation

Wales45.2

Layoffs & income shocks · Lending & credit access · Fraud, scams & consumer trust

North Carolina44.5

Layoffs & income shocks · Fraud, scams & consumer trust · Interest rates & policy

North Yorkshire42.9

Layoffs & income shocks · Fraud, scams & consumer trust

Inside the leading signals

Open any signal for its quarterly history
DEMAND DRIVERLending & credit access+38.1percentile-point gap
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Credit demand can pull origination, underwriting and collections capacity with it.

9.85mentions per 10,000 articles+52.4%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

  • Internet First Lenders28

Companies can appear in multiple categories; these counts are not a unique-company total.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

03710142024Q3: 62024Q32024Q4: 72024Q42025Q1: 52025Q12025Q2: 62025Q22025Q3: 82025Q32025Q4: 82025Q42026Q1: 112026Q12026Q2: 122026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Lending & credit access in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q31376.19
2024Q41677.71
2025Q11395.5
2025Q21346.63
2025Q32068.51
2025Q41478.46
2026Q123211.7
2026Q210812.05

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

Northern Ireland16.8 / 10,000
London9.7 / 10,000
SPENDING PRESSURELayoffs & income shocks+38.1percentile-point gap
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Layoff cycles can pull discretionary spend back toward value offerings.

27.56mentions per 10,000 articles+37.0%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

  • Internet First Lenders28

Companies can appear in multiple categories; these counts are not a unique-company total.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

091828372024Q3: 182024Q32024Q4: 172024Q42025Q1: 222025Q12025Q2: 212025Q22025Q3: 272025Q32025Q4: 232025Q42026Q1: 312026Q12026Q2: 272026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Layoffs & income shocks in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q341418.7
2024Q438517.77
2025Q157022.55
2025Q242821.18
2025Q366327.39
2025Q440023.01
2026Q163431.96
2026Q224327.12

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

Colorado81.1 / 10,000
MACRO PRESSUREInterest rates & policy+16.7percentile-point gap
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Rate moves can reprice every loan book — lending and deposit products feel it first.

17.83mentions per 10,000 articles+11.3%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

  • Internet First Lenders28

Companies can appear in multiple categories; these counts are not a unique-company total.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

061319252024Q3: 152024Q32024Q4: 152024Q42025Q1: 142025Q12025Q2: 172025Q22025Q3: 152025Q32025Q4: 212025Q42026Q1: 192026Q12026Q2: 132026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Interest rates & policy in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q335215.9
2024Q434515.92
2025Q137314.75
2025Q236117.86
2025Q337415.45
2025Q437821.75
2026Q138119.21
2026Q212213.62

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

Colorado67.0 / 10,000
London34.4 / 10,000
Scotland25.4 / 10,000
ADOPTION SHIFTCrypto & digital assets-35.7percentile-point gap
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Crypto cycles can pull exchange, wallet and compliance demand in waves.

4.59mentions per 10,000 articles+73.7%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

  • Web 3.0320
  • Blockchain In Financial Services184
  • Decentralized Finance184
  • Crypto Mining42
  • Crypto Exchanges28

Companies can appear in multiple categories; these counts are not a unique-company total.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

024572024Q3: 22024Q32024Q4: 12024Q42025Q1: 22025Q12025Q2: 42025Q22025Q3: 42025Q32025Q4: 62025Q42026Q1: 32026Q12026Q2: 42026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Crypto & digital assets in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q3542.44
2024Q4361.66
2025Q1612.41
2025Q2854.21
2025Q31114.59
2025Q41066.1
2026Q1673.38
2026Q2394.35

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

Wiltshire38.8 / 10,000
London7.3 / 10,000
MACRO PRESSUREMarket volatility—supply not mapped
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Volatility can drive trading, hedging and advice-seeking in the same week it spikes.

2.93mentions per 10,000 articles+69.7%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

This signal has no matching category in the page’s decentralised finance market map, so no supply percentile or gap is assigned.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

013452024Q3: 12024Q32024Q4: 12024Q42025Q1: 12025Q12025Q2: 22025Q22025Q3: 12025Q32025Q4: 22025Q42026Q1: 42026Q12026Q2: 42026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Market volatility in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q3231.04
2024Q4271.25
2025Q1491.94
2025Q2552.72
2025Q3401.65
2025Q4462.65
2026Q1814.08
2026Q2394.35

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

London7.0 / 10,000
DEMAND DRIVERFinancial inclusion—supply not mapped
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Inclusion pushes can pull low-cost payment and credit rails toward new users.

2.15mentions per 10,000 articles+47.4%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

This signal has no matching category in the page’s decentralised finance market map, so no supply percentile or gap is assigned.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

012332024Q3: 12024Q32024Q4: 12024Q42025Q1: 12025Q12025Q2: 12025Q22025Q3: 12025Q32025Q4: 22025Q42026Q1: 22026Q12026Q2: 12026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Financial inclusion in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q3371.67
2024Q4261.2
2025Q1381.5
2025Q2291.43
2025Q3371.53
2025Q4402.3
2026Q1582.92
2026Q2161.79

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

TRUST FRICTIONFraud, scams & consumer trust—supply not mapped
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Trust friction can reward whoever fixes service, complaints and fraud handling.

7.39mentions per 10,000 articles+5.2%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

This signal has no matching category in the page’s decentralised finance market map, so no supply percentile or gap is assigned.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

0358102024Q3: 62024Q32024Q4: 82024Q42025Q1: 62025Q12025Q2: 72025Q22025Q3: 82025Q32025Q4: 72025Q42026Q1: 62026Q12026Q2: 72026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Fraud, scams & consumer trust in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q31416.37
2024Q41898.72
2025Q11536.05
2025Q21447.12
2025Q31958.06
2025Q41287.36
2026Q11276.4
2026Q2707.81

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

COMPLIANCE PRESSUREData & privacy regulation—supply not mapped
THE OPERATING HYPOTHESIS

Privacy rules can land as engineering requirements — consent, data handling and audit tooling follow.

5.11mentions per 10,000 articles+19.3%share change vs prior year

Mapped decentralised finance categories

This signal has no matching category in the page’s decentralised finance market map, so no supply percentile or gap is assigned.

Quarterly share of the United Kingdom coverage

Mentions per 10,000 articles · zero baseline

024572024Q3: 42024Q32024Q4: 22024Q42025Q1: 62025Q12025Q2: 32025Q22025Q3: 52025Q32025Q4: 42025Q42026Q1: 42026Q12026Q2: 62026Q2
View quarterly signal counts
Data & privacy regulation in the United Kingdom coverage
QuarterMentionsPer 10,000 articles
2024Q31044.7
2024Q4462.12
2025Q11546.09
2025Q2793.91
2025Q31245.12
2025Q4824.72
2026Q1994.99
2026Q2556.14

Where this signal concentrates in the comparison geography

London6.3 / 10,000
RESEARCH & CHANGING CONVERSATIONS

Related research and changing coverage

the United Kingdom decentralised finance coverage

Expand panel +
RESEARCH CONTEXT · 2019

A cross-cultural study of the intention to use mobile banking between Lebanese and British consumers: Extending UTAUT2 with security, privacy and trust

Technology in Society

531 citations in the snapshot

RESEARCH CONTEXT · 2018

Understanding the health and wellbeing challenges of the food banking system: A qualitative study of food bank users, providers and referrers in London

Social Science & Medicine

99 citations in the snapshot

RESEARCH CONTEXT · 2017

Promoting flood risk reduction: The role of insurance in Germany and England

Earth s Future

92 citations in the snapshot

RESEARCH CONTEXT · 2017

Insurance, Public Assistance, and Household Flood Risk Reduction: A Comparative Study of Austria, England, and Romania

Risk Analysis

76 citations in the snapshot

What is growing in this coverage

the United Kingdom coverage of this page's demand families

KeywordRecent articlesPrior articlesShare change
asset-based lending abuse4622165.3%
consumer compliance rules6336122.0%
policy tightening4729105.6%
buyer protection legislation573890.3%
commodity futures534068.1%
price index movement433365.3%

Share changes describe coverage in the stated comparison periods, not search demand or market size.

GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT

Where companies are based

Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.

Expand panel +
8 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Decentralised Finance in the United Kingdom: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put the United Kingdom in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 3 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon