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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE THE UNITED STATES EDITION 2026

the United States’s
decentralised finance industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping decentralised finance in the United States. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Decentralised Finance Industry Landscape of the United States
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Decentralised Finance illustration
Companies tracked 1,254Decentralised Finance ecosystem in the United States Disclosed funding $16.33B484 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 42With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 891 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore the United States’s decentralised finance leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Decentralised Finance company highlights in the United States, snapshot 31 August 2026
Company
Ripple$1.05B———
Celsiuscelsius.network$975.09M—2—
Forteforte.io$910M—3—
Paxospaxos.com$535.25M—200—
Tempotempo.xyz$500M———
pump.funpump.fun$500M———
ETHZillaethzilla.com$425M———
SCRT Labsscrtlabs.com$401.35M—22—
Unicityunicity.ai—9 roles——
LendingOnelendingone.com—8 roles94—
PIP Labspiplabs.xyz—6 roles——
Soligentsoligent.net—5 roles88—
Hedera Hashgraphhedera.com—4 roles53—
Lightning Labslightning.engineering—4 roles30—
Lightsparklightspark.com—4 roles34—
Succinctsuccinct.xyz—4 roles——
CertiKcertik.com————
Concreteconcrete.xyz————
Floodflood.bid————
Grassgrass.io————
Harborharbor.com——12—
Harmonyharmony.one——104—
Hyperledger Projecthyperledger.org————
Jump Cryptojumpcrypto.com——995—
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only
THE KEY SIGNALS

Decentralised Finance industry KPIs in the United States

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

31 August 2026
Hiring participation3.3%

42 of 1,254 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation42.3%

531 of 1,254 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share18.0%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$5M

Midpoint of 775 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 18.0% of disclosed capital, while 57.7% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How the United States decentralised finance has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

the United States decentralised finance
$0$1.08B$2.16B$3.24B$4.32B2016: $83.09M20162017: $176.28M20172018: $823.39M20182019: $587.18M20192020: $639.59M20202021: $3.47B20212022: $3.79B20222023: $971.1M20232024: $2.08B20242025: $2.86B2025
View the numbers
Annual decentralised finance funding and company formation in the United States
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$83.09M408
2017$176.28M9919
2018$823.39M8139
2019$587.18M5837
2020$639.59M11139
2021$3.47B21297
2022$3.79B214115
2023$971.1M16288
2024$2.08B106140
2025$2.86B2469
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Ripple6.4%
  • Celsius6.0%
  • Forte5.6%
  • Other companies82.0%

Funding by stage

929 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel466 50.2%
Series A–B291 31.3%
Series C+ / PE25 2.7%
Grants, debt & other147 15.8%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
8 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Conventional Debt05/2026
Ripple $200M

Backed by Neuberger Berman Specialty Finance.

Seed05/2026
AEON $8M

Backed by YZi Labs and IDG Capital and others.

Seed05/2026
Checker $8M

Backed by Galaxy and Al Mada Ventures and others.

Seed05/2026
Jia $3M

Backed by Coinbase and Stellar and others.

Seed04/2026
Alien $7.1M

Backed by Initialized Capital and Lvna Capital and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series D11/2025
Ripple$500M

Backed by Fortress and Citadel Securities and others.

Series A10/2025
Tempotempo.xyz$500M

Backed by Greenoaks and Thrive Capital and others.

Series B04/2022
AVAavalabs.org$350M

Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.

Series D04/2021
Paxospaxos.com$300M

Backed by Oak HC/FT and Declaration Partners and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2023 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 2 reporting entities from 4 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not the United States market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 2 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2023 · 2 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

2 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
THE UNITED STATES · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does decentralised finance compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the the United States companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

48 of the 1,254 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (3.8%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 16,183 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
pump.funpump.fun3,293,9744624.3%
Farcasterfarcaster.xyz1,370,640339.3%
Solanasolana.com1,095,4984843.3%
MultiversXmultiversx.com211,9673593.6%
Bitcoin Hyperbitcoinhyper.com193,1243484.2%
Townstowns.com161,3652584.2%
Triatria.so160,0413012.5%
Ambientambient.xyz138,109536%
Monadmonad.xyz132,4563752.4%
Bridgebridge.xyz122,5633520.9%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

39 of these companies (3.1%) publish at least one Android app — 45 apps in all, carrying 137.6M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
Pi NetworkPi Network134.7M4.3Social
Kage: Real-World Treasure HuntChirp532.5K3.7Adventure
GrassGrass387.7K3.2Productivity
Co-Met Network : Virtual MinerCo-Met Network345.6K4.4Finance
Raiinmaker: Earn With AIRaiinmaker338.9K4.2Social
ISUSGO EcosystemISUSGO321.4K4.2Finance
Alien App — Aliencoin WalletAlien193.9K—Finance
Petra WalletAptos182.2K4.5Finance
OORT - Data Tasks with RewardsOort147.8K4.8Business
SALT Crypto LoansSalt lending116.5K4.6Finance

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2024Q1–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Blockchain Infrastructure31137.4MPi Network 134.7M
Cryptocurrencies19135.5MCo-Met Network : Virtual Miner 345.6K
Internet Of Things Infrastructure2571.4KKage: Real-World Treasure Hunt 532.5K
Ai Infrastructure2486.7KRaiinmaker: Earn With AI 338.9K
Alternative Lending2116.7KSALT Crypto Loans 116.5K
Non Fungible Tokens376.4KDookey Dash: Unclogged 58.9K
It Services217.5KEasel 12.5K
Investment Tech79.7KGreenbyte Wind 4.4K

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2023Q1: 12023Q1: 02023Q12023Q2: 12023Q2: 02023Q22023Q4: 22023Q4: 12023Q42024Q1: 32024Q1: 02024Q12024Q2: 32024Q2: 42024Q22024Q3: 22024Q3: 32024Q32024Q4: 22024Q4: 12024Q42025Q1: 12025Q1: 12025Q12025Q2: 22025Q2: 02025Q22025Q3: 32025Q3: 52025Q32025Q4: 12025Q4: 32025Q42026Q1: 32026Q1: 62026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 40 of 45 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The the United States decentralised finance market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Web 3.01,184
Deep tech864
Enterprise tech814
Consumer digital722
Fintech699
Blockchain in financial services610
Decentralized finance610
Enterprise software241
Crypto mining124
Crypto exchanges113
Marketplaces110
Saas74

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Web 3.0

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

1184companies
3.0%have hiring activity

36 companies hiring · $15.61B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription1,006
Commission on transaction602
Lending187
E-commerce - service107
Fee-for-service79
Advertising64
E-commerce - product43
Freemium24
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Mergers & acquisitionszeko.io ↗

Romeo Bravo Software has acquired hospitality guest engagement software provider Zeko to expand its presence in the hospitality technology sector.

Mergers & acquisitionsopenocean.finance ↗

The move builds on earlier acquisitions of marine weather analytics provider OpenOcean in 2022.

Mergers & acquisitionshyperledger.org ↗

American Express ($AXP) said on April 16, 2026 it will acquire Hyper, an artificial intelligence-focused expense management startup backed by OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, as the company expands its automation capabilities for commercial clients.

Mergers & acquisitionsvinovest.co ↗

StartEngine Crowdfunding acquired Vinovest for $14 million to expand its alternative investment marketplace into wine and whiskey asset classes.

Funding roundsironlight.io ↗

Ironlight Group, a fintech company developing infrastructure for tokenized securities, raised $21 million in a Series A funding round.

Funding roundsstacks.co ↗

Stacks raises $23M in Series A funding to automate enterprise finance

Mergers & acquisitionssecuritize.io ↗

Securitize files a registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and confirms a merger plan with Cantor Equity Partners II, a blank-check company backed by Cantor Fitzgerald.

Funding roundsgrove.city ↗

Grove, a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia-based technology company which specializes in the fresh-produce sector, raised $5M in Seed funding.

Funding roundsfarcaster.xyz ↗

In 2024, Farcaster reached a reported valuation of $1,000 million after closing a $150 million Series A round.

Funding roundsmerklemanufactory.com ↗

Merkle Manufactory will return the $180 million raised from venture capital investors.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 176 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Funding rounds
51
Mergers & acquisitions
35
Leadership moves
28
Earnings
15
Asset acquisitions
8
Fundraising
6
IPO activity
5
Company announcements
5
New products
5
Contracts
5
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

IPO pipeline

3 companies with recorded IPO activity

Securitize ↗

SPAC · Nasdaq3 reports

RYVYL ↗

IPO activity1 reports

Lens ↗

IPO · Hong Kong Stock Exchange1 reports

Leadership moves

9 tracked people moves

Securitize ↗
Sunil Sabharwal

Appointment Board Member

Magnus Åkesson

Appointment Vice President of AI Strategy & Intelligent Systems

FWB ↗
Daryl Harper

Appointment Senior Finance Leader

FWB ↗
Walker Wares

Appointment Senior Finance Leader

Greg Braca

Appointment Executive Chairman

Solana ↗
Akshay BD

Resignation

Wendi Runyon

Appointment Chief Strategy Officer

Jito Labs ↗
Rebecca Rettig

Appointment Member of the Algorand Foundation Board

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Jet ↗
Water washable plates

Packaging solutions (flexo plates)

Contract wins

2 recorded customer wins

Grove ↗

Customer: DS LausnirInfrastructure

Grove ↗

Customer: Bizim VinçInfrastructure

Regulatory events

5 recorded events

Paxos ↗

conditionally approvedOffice of the Comptroller of the Currency

Cosmos ↗

sanctionedUS Treasury

BIMA ↗

received license for incoming reinsurance operations

Paxos ↗

approved for issuance of stablecoinsMonetary Authority of Singapore

Litigation

2 tracked suits

Company
Diego Aguilar, Kendall Carnahan, Michael Okafor v jito labs, Jito Foundation, Lucas Bruder, Brian Smith, Pump

Illegal casino enterprise, racketeering, infrastructure provisionCivil · Ongoing

Company
celsius network v ftx

preferential transfer claimCivil · Appeal

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
romeo bravo software→Zeko ↗Announced2026-05-01Not stated in snapshot
sinay→OpenOcean ↗Completed2026-04-24Not stated in snapshot
american express→Hyperledger Project ↗Announced2026-04-17Not stated in snapshot
StartEngine Crowdfunding→Vinovest ↗Announced2026-03-26$14.0M
Cantor Equity Partners II (CEPT)→Securitize ↗Announced2026-01-30$1.2B
Securitize→Cantor Equity Partners 2Pending2026-01-30Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

2,451 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 3,669-posting snapshot covers 173 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Virtual Assistant (Work From Home)77
Territory Sales Manager63
Customer Service Representative (Work From Home)41
Medical Assistant31
Merchandising Representative28
Field Execution Representative22
2 internship postings

348 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

1,157 postings specify a level.

unspecified
2,512
manager
712
senior
250
lead
155
intern
21
entry
19

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 3,669 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Rust
135
Blockchain
122
Python
117
Go
108
Bitcoin
104
C++
102
Typescript
83
Kubernetes
77
Cryptography
72
Aws
71
ADVERTISED PAY$84.0K/ year

Median across 300 postings with pay data, expressed in USD.

Salary by seniority

manager$85.0K/ year102 postings

Advertised posting medians do not describe all employees or roles.

THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

947 founders and chief executives across 601 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

213 profiles with education records.

Stanford University
33
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
21
University of California (Berkeley)
20
Harvard University
18
Cornell University
16
University of Pennsylvania
12
Columbia University
12
Harvard Business School
10

Prior employers

79 profiles with prior-work records.

Google
20
Microsoft
12
Amazon
8
Goldman Sachs
8
Facebook
8
Apple
5
Morgan Stanley
5
Intel
5

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

1,524,955 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
1,524,955articles in the measured year
172,894articles in 2026Q2
29.1%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Decentralised Finance coverage across United States · articles per complete quarter

0233,388466,775700,163933,5502021Q2: 311,6242021Q22021Q3: 326,8402021Q4: 310,5992022Q1: 350,2862022Q2: 350,8572022Q22022Q3: 349,6972022Q4: 388,3682023Q1: 407,9562023Q2: 405,3322023Q22023Q3: 368,9552023Q4: 347,1142024Q1: 374,1212024Q2: 353,2442024Q22024Q3: 357,5822024Q4: 379,0682025Q1: 563,1942025Q2: 385,3042025Q22025Q3: 811,7832025Q4: 226,5512026Q1: 313,7272026Q2: 172,8942026Q2
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q2311,624
2021Q3326,840
2021Q4310,599
2022Q1350,286
2022Q2350,857
2022Q3349,697
2022Q4388,368
2023Q1407,956
2023Q2405,332
2023Q3368,955
2023Q4347,114
2024Q1374,121
2024Q2353,244
2024Q3357,582
2024Q4379,068
2025Q1563,194
2025Q2385,304
2025Q3811,783
2025Q4226,551
2026Q1313,727
2026Q2172,894

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
274,055 positive · 539,799 neutral · 211,086 negative
2022
384,505 positive · 734,951 neutral · 318,592 negative
2023
436,997 positive · 755,838 neutral · 335,295 negative
2024
509,720 positive · 589,263 neutral · 363,807 negative
2025
576,738 positive · 829,544 neutral · 578,869 negative

Leading coverage topics

Decentralised Finance coverage across United States · ranked by full-period article count.

Administrative And Political Subdivisions4,315,750 articles in the full recorded period
533,670 recent · 454,778 prior
Geopolitical Disputes And Contested Areas319,626 articles in the full recorded period
61,057 recent · 46,838 prior
International And Transnational Geographic Entities319,463 articles in the full recorded period
61,028 recent · 46,796 prior
Cryptocurrency Impact On Forex Markets255,559 articles in the full recorded period
39,167 recent · 39,017 prior
International Political Relations199,197 articles in the full recorded period
29,902 recent · 28,797 prior
Security And Defense Policies140,285 articles in the full recorded period
23,379 recent · 19,485 prior
International Relations And Diplomacy90,731 articles in the full recorded period
12,209 recent · 13,463 prior
Geographic Naming Conventions And Etymology81,491 articles in the full recorded period
25,558 recent · 5,321 prior
Trade Policies And Agreements78,899 articles in the full recorded period
14,613 recent · 19,669 prior
Human Rights Advocacy Reports68,936 articles in the full recorded period
9,424 recent · 12,757 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

Decentralised Finance coverage across United States

KeywordRecentPriorChange
stablecoin fx impact6,5794,48447%
investment deal4,2701,905124%
etf trading4,2542,39977%
etfs3,7132,07279%
sector etfs3,5501,98379%
etf structures3,3661,80187%
etf products3,2991,72192%
oil price volatility3,1962,09553%
share price2,9821,86760%
stock surge2,5031,45972%
tariff negotiations7,37812,203-40%
flood stage forecasting3056,017-95%
hydrologic risk modeling365,763-99%
free trade deals3,1254,974-37%
inflation reports fx2,0323,818-47%

Event and signal lenses

Decentralised Finance coverage across United States

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

2,416,840 classified articles

territories, disputed islands, stock performance

44.1% critical · 24.6% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

507,096 classified articles

inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies, trade deficits fx

42.2% critical · 46.7% positive
Rising

Growth

655,264 classified articles

gdp growth forex, inflation reports fx, trade deficits fx

39.3% critical · 41.4% positive

Decentralised Finance coverage across United States. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Decentralised Finance research is working on

5,117 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
5,117papers
52,518worldwide comparison pool
5,117India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Breakthrough
1,970
Promising
1,436
Problem-identifying
736
Descriptive
550
Cautionary
248
Comparative
122
Critical
55

Contribution mix

Methods-led
2,868
Reviews
904
Empirical
753
Position pieces
479
Theoretical
113

Tone counts: 4,872 positive · 65 neutral · 180 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
791 papers · 15.5% of this field
  • Blockchain642 papers
  • Computer security228 papers
  • Cryptocurrency113 papers
  • Supply chain68 papers
  • Transparency60 papers
  • Distributed ledger53 papers
  • Interoperability51 papers
  • Internet of Things43 papers

Landmark: Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management

Cautions
248 papers · 4.8% of this field
  • Blockchain197 papers
  • Computer security58 papers
  • Cryptocurrency42 papers
  • Transparency36 papers
  • Supply chain23 papers
  • Distributed ledger19 papers
  • Interoperability17 papers
  • Smart contract15 papers

Landmark: Information propagation in the Bitcoin network

Opportunities
3,406 papers · 66.6% of this field
  • Blockchain2,687 papers
  • Computer security946 papers
  • Scalability334 papers
  • Supply chain277 papers
  • Database transaction265 papers
  • Smart contract246 papers
  • Transparency230 papers
  • Cryptocurrency220 papers

Landmark: Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things

Leading institutions

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7,727
The University of Texas at San Antonio
7,696
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
6,415
Cornell University
6,098
Old Dominion University
4,684
North Carolina State University
4,583

Leading researchers

Joseph Sarkis
6,168
Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo
5,612
Mahtab Kouhizadeh
5,433
Michael Devetsikiotis
4,348
Konstantinos Christidis
4,344
Sara Saberi
3,827
Lejia Shen
3,616
Dusit Niyato
3,360

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data2,482 citations
  • MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management2,377 citations
  • Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts2,164 citations
  • OmniLedger: A Secure, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger via Sharding1,186 citations
  • MeDShare: Trust-Less Medical Data Sharing Among Cloud Service Providers via Blockchain1,140 citations

Common problems researchers identify

721 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Governance and Transparency GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Governance and Transparency Gaps

206 papers

28.6% of this theme group

Researchers highlight weak corporate governance and limited transparency in blockchain smart contracts.

Blockchain (185) · Corporate governance (17) · Transparency (20) · Smart contract (14)

A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

Exploring Blockchains Interoperability: A Systematic Survey

View research history
YearShare index
2022131.2
2023128.2
202497.7
2025177.1
Security and Privacy WeaknessesCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Security and Privacy Weaknesses

192 papers

26.6% of this theme group

Studies flag vulnerabilities and privacy risks inherent to blockchain and cryptocurrency systems.

Computer security (155) · Blockchain (176) · Cryptocurrency (37) · Internet privacy (20)

Introduction to Security and Privacy on the Blockchain

A survey on blockchain systems: Attacks, defenses, and privacy preservation

View research history
YearShare index
2022465.9
2023457.5
2024398.5
2025219.1
Supply Chain Traceability IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Supply Chain Traceability Issues

108 papers

15.0% of this theme group

Papers point to challenges in using blockchain for reliable supply‑chain tracking and management.

Supply chain (56) · Blockchain (103) · Supply chain management (19) · Traceability (20)

Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management

Blockchain Technology for Global Supply Chain Management: A Survey of Applications, Challenges, Opportunities and Implications

View research history
YearShare index
2022953.2
20231017.7
2024948.6
20251052.7
Healthcare Data InteroperabilityCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Healthcare Data Interoperability

69 papers

9.6% of this theme group

Researchers note obstacles to secure data sharing and interoperability in blockchain‑enabled health care.

Health care (39) · Blockchain (61) · Interoperability (14) · Data sharing (8)

Blockchain technology in healthcare: Challenges and opportunities

Blockchain Application in Healthcare Systems: A Review

View research history
YearShare index
20223846.6
20233849.7
20243503.6
20253762.9
Misconceptions About Distributed LedgersCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Misconceptions About Distributed Ledgers

53 papers

7.4% of this theme group

Works critique common misunderstandings of ledger technology and its financial applications.

Distributed ledger (40) · Ledger (24) · Cryptocurrency (19) · Blockchain (35)

Blockchain Technology: Transforming Libertarian Cryptocurrency Dreams to Finance and Banking Realities

Blockchain: properties and misconceptions

View research history
YearShare index
2022116.3
2023109.1
202482.0
202593.5
Philosophical Foundations of ImmutabilityCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Philosophical Foundations of Immutability

47 papers

6.5% of this theme group

Analyses explore epistemic and ethical implications of immutable blockchain data.

Philosophy (6) · Epistemology (4) · Immutability (6) · Cloud computing (6)

Credible Decentralized Exchange Design via Verifiable Sequencing Rules

Rethinking data infrastructure and its ethical implications in the face of automated digital content generation

View research history
YearShare index
2022138.5
2023129.2
202494.3
202551.9
IoT Integration Security GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 07

IoT Integration Security Gaps

46 papers

6.4% of this theme group

Studies identify security and intrusion‑detection shortcomings when merging IoT with blockchain.

Internet of Things (38) · Computer security (34) · Blockchain (44) · Intrusion detection system (3)

Addressing Security and Privacy Issues of IoT Using Blockchain Technology

Blockchain Technology for Applications in Internet of Things—Mapping From System Design Perspective

View research history
YearShare index
2022988.2
20231006.0
20241128.0
20251061.2

Cautions

219 papers · 4 recurring themes
4 cards

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Smart Contract Deployment RisksCautions · 01

Smart Contract Deployment Risks

103 papers

47.0% of this theme group

Authors urge caution over the complexities and security pitfalls of blockchain smart contracts.

Blockchain (80) · Computer security (41) · Smart contract (14) · Cryptocurrency (24)

Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts

Platforms, blockchains and the challenges of decentralization

View research history
YearShare index
2022142.1
2023135.7
202496.0
202599.3
Governance in Sustainable Supply ChainsCautions · 02

Governance in Sustainable Supply Chains

63 papers

28.8% of this theme group

Research warns of governance challenges when applying blockchain to environmentally focused supply chains.

Supply chain (19) · Blockchain (60) · Corporate governance (12) · Supply chain management (9)

An analysis of strategies for adopting blockchain technology in the fresh product supply chain

Blockchain-based governance implications for ecologically sustainable supply chain management

View research history
YearShare index
2022991.6
20231057.2
2024989.0
20251142.1
Healthcare Security ConcernsCautions · 03

Healthcare Security Concerns

36 papers

16.4% of this theme group

Papers caution about security and interoperability issues in blockchain‑based health applications.

Health care (11) · Computer security (23) · Blockchain (34) · Interoperability (8)

Blockchain in healthcare: A comprehensive review of applications and security concerns

Blockchain for Securing AI-Driven Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Research Perspectives

View research history
YearShare index
20223805.7
20233807.0
20243469.1
20253724.4
Accounting and Settlement ControlsCautions · 04

Accounting and Settlement Controls

17 papers

7.8% of this theme group

Analyses stress the need for robust controls when integrating blockchain into accounting and settlement processes.

Distributed ledger (15) · Ledger (8) · Blockchain (12) · Settlement (2)

Thinking Outside the Block: Projected Phases of Blockchain Integration in the Accounting Industry

A Primer for Information Technology General Control Considerations on a Private and Permissioned Blockchain Audit

View research history
YearShare index
202229.7
202328.1
202418.5
202525.4

Opportunities

3,199 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

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Secure Authentication NetworksOpportunities · 01

Secure Authentication Networks

820 papers

25.6% of this theme group

Research proposes blockchain as a foundation for stronger authentication and network security.

Computer security (543) · Blockchain (732) · Authentication (77) · Computer network (83)

Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges

Blockchain Based Multi-Layer Security Network Authentication System for Uncertain Attack in the Wireless Communication System

View research history
YearShare index
2022730.6
2023664.8
2024426.3
2025195.5
Transparency in Financial TransactionsOpportunities · 02

Transparency in Financial Transactions

674 papers

21.1% of this theme group

Studies explore blockchain’s potential to boost trust and openness in finance and tax compliance.

Blockchain (618) · Transparency (93) · Database transaction (88) · Cryptocurrency (73)

The role of Blockchain technology in enhancing transparency and trust in green finance markets

The application of blockchain technology to improve tax compliance and ensure transparency in global transactions

View research history
YearShare index
2022180.8
2023167.3
2024124.3
2025175.4
Scalable Federated LearningOpportunities · 03

Scalable Federated Learning

530 papers

16.6% of this theme group

Works highlight blockchain‑enabled frameworks for distributed learning and fraud detection.

Blockchain (347) · Distributed computing (89) · Distributed ledger (70) · Reinforcement learning (33)

Secure and Scalable Blockchain-Based Federated Learning for Cryptocurrency Fraud Detection: A Systematic Review

Blockchain-based Framework for Scalable and Incentivized Federated Learning

View research history
YearShare index
2022485.8
2023436.1
2024269.7
2025172.6
Scalable IoT SecurityOpportunities · 04

Scalable IoT Security

310 papers

9.7% of this theme group

Papers present hybrid blockchain designs to secure and scale Internet of Things networks.

Internet of Things (158) · Blockchain (271) · Computer security (153) · Scalability (57)

Hybrid Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Internet of Things (IoT) Networks (HB-IoT): A Novel Approach

A Secure Framework for Authenticating and Controlling Access to IoT Devices Integrated with Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
20221063.4
20231095.2
20241188.4
20251243.9
Enhanced Supply Chain TraceabilityOpportunities · 05

Enhanced Supply Chain Traceability

299 papers

9.3% of this theme group

Research showcases blockchain applications that improve traceability and efficiency in supply chains.

Supply chain (246) · Traceability (95) · Supply chain management (52) · Blockchain (263)

Applications of Blockchain to Improve Supply Chain Traceability

Enhancing Supply Chain Efficiency Through Blockchain Integration

View research history
YearShare index
2022953.2
20231017.7
2024948.6
20251052.7
Patient‑Centric Health Data SharingOpportunities · 06

Patient‑Centric Health Data Sharing

295 papers

9.2% of this theme group

Studies demonstrate blockchain solutions for secure, patient‑controlled medical record exchange.

Health care (107) · Blockchain (270) · Computer security (140) · Data sharing (39)

Blockchain in Healthcare: A Patient-Centered Model

Secure and Trustable Electronic Medical Records Sharing using Blockchain.

View research history
YearShare index
20223806.0
20233812.0
20243475.3
20253703.9
Smart Contract DevelopmentOpportunities · 07

Smart Contract Development

271 papers

8.5% of this theme group

Works focus on designing robust smart contracts for diverse applications using blockchain platforms.

Smart contract (191) · Blockchain (150) · Solidity (15) · Computer security (86)

Design and Implementation of Smart Contract in Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain and Internet of Things

APPLICATION OF SMART CONTRACTS IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES

View research history
YearShare index
202256.3
202355.7
202429.9
202527.7

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Breakthrough38.5%26.3%
Promising28.1%37.0%
Problem-identifying14.4%9.9%
Descriptive10.7%17.6%
Cautionary4.8%4.4%
Comparative2.4%4.0%
Critical1.1%0.8%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceBlockchain: A Panacea for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Security and Privacy?60713.0%121 (19.9%)12.38%
Safety & misuseAI Threats to Politics, Elections, and Democracy: A Blockchain-Based Deepfake Authenticity Verification Framework160.34%2 (12.5%)0.17%
Bias & fairnessArchitectural Design of a Blockchain-Enabled, Federated Learning Platform for Algorithmic Fairness in Predictive Health 80.17%0 (0.0%)0.13%
Concentration of compute powerThe (Limited) Power of Blockchain Networks for Information Provision60.13%2 (33.3%)0.07%
Energy & datacenter footprintUAV-Assisted Computation Offloading Toward Energy-Efficient Blockchain Operations in Internet of Things30.06%0 (0.0%)0.07%
Carbon & emissions of computeLattice-Like Blockchain System for Maintaining the Data Privacy in the Distributed Computation of Carbon Emission30.06%0 (0.0%)0.02%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainVerifiable ethics: Integrating Blockchain traceability with environmental and social life cycle assessment for conflict-10.02%0 (0.0%)0.09%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Labour & data work00.0%0 (%)0.04%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT

Where companies are based

Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.

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UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Decentralised Finance in the United States: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put the United States in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 31 August 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
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