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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE SAN FRANCISCO EDITION 2026

San Francisco’s
energy tech industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping energy tech in San Francisco. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Energy Tech Industry Landscape of San Francisco
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Energy Tech illustration
Companies tracked 284Energy Tech ecosystem in San Francisco Disclosed funding $12.02B128 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 45With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 1190 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore San Francisco’s energy tech leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Energy Tech company highlights in San Francisco, snapshot 4 September 2026
Company
Limeli.me$1.82B—386—
Fervo Energyfervoenergy.com$1.79B6 roles49—
Redaptiveredaptive.com$1.62B—326—
TeraWattterawattinfrastructure.com$1.1B—57—
Xpansivxpansiv.com$712.17M5 roles277—
Aurora Solaraurorasolar.com$539.9M—135—
SPANspan.io$421.81M—220—
Dividend Financedividendfinance.com$354.59M—152—
Adura Technologiesacuitybrands.com—10 roles1,906$4.35BFYFY2025 filing
Gotiongotion.com—10 roles45—
Spanspan.app—7 roles——
Nevadosnevados.solar—6 roles33—
Stafl Systemsstaflsystems.com—6 roles52—
Glydwaysglydways.com—4 roles76—
Archer Electricflyarcher.com——836—
AtoBatob.co——183—
Bimotalbimotal.com——10Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
EZinspectionsezinspections.com——10—
Equilibrium Energyequilibriumenergy.com——43—
Evercarsevercars.com————
Molekulemolekule.com——92$616.51KFYFY2021 filing
Plus Powerpluspower.com——202—
SRECTradesrectrade.com——54—
Scoot Networksscoot.co——40—
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only

Explore the live startup set in Radar

No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.

Explore classified startups in Radar ↗
THE KEY SIGNALS

Energy Tech industry KPIs in San Francisco

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

4 September 2026
Hiring participation15.8%

45 of 284 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation48.9%

139 of 284 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share43.5%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$7.6M

Midpoint of 298 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 43.5% of disclosed capital, while 51.1% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How San Francisco energy tech has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

San Francisco energy tech
$0$813.52M$1.63B$2.44B$3.25B2016: $107.2M20162017: $252.35M20172018: $620.24M20182019: $991.1M20192020: $689.1M20202021: $1.77B20212022: $2.85B20222023: $862.09M20232024: $978.81M20242025: $1.81B2025
View the numbers
Annual energy tech funding and company formation in San Francisco
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$107.2M2117
2017$252.35M1417
2018$620.24M1820
2019$991.1M1522
2020$689.1M1626
2021$1.77B1926
2022$2.85B1232
2023$862.09M1928
2024$978.81M1028
2025$1.81B622
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Lime15.1%
  • Fervo Energy14.9%
  • Redaptive13.5%
  • Other companies56.5%

Funding by stage

364 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel122 33.5%
Series A–B138 37.9%
Series C+ / PE48 13.2%
Grants, debt & other56 15.4%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
5 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Seed05/2026
Pollen $3.76M

Backed by Pale Blue Dot and MSM and others.

Conventional Debt03/2026
Fervo Energy $421M

Backed by J P Morgan and Bank of America and others.

Series B03/2026
Ridepanda $12.6M

Backed by Bikeleasing-Service and Blackhorn Ventures and others.

Series B03/2026
Flair Systems —

Backed by RectorSeal and Skyview Ventures and others.

Conventional Debt03/2026
Ridepanda —

Backed by CSC Leasing and Camber Road.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series D11/2021
Limeli.me$418M

Backed by ADFD and Fidelity Investments and others.

Series C07/2018
Limeli.me$335M

Backed by Google Ventures and Alphabet and others.

Series D07/2022
Limeli.me$310M

Backed by Bain Capital Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz and others.

Series D01/2019
Limeli.me$310M

Backed by Bain Capital and Andreessen Horowitz and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 1 reporting entities from 3 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not San Francisco market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 1 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 1 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

1 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
SAN FRANCISCO · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does energy tech compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the San Francisco companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Most-installed apps

28 of these companies (9.9%) publish at least one Android app — 37 apps in all, carrying 37.4M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
Lime - #RideGreenLime32.7M4.9Travel & Local
Spin - Electric ScootersSpin - Electric Scooter Sharing2.8M4.7Travel & Local
LIFXLifi Labs1.4M2.8Lifestyle
Lighter for Philips Hue LightsA Better Home119.3K3.8House & Home
Go X - Ride the FutureGo X99.5K4.1Travel & Local
MolekuleMolekule54.1K3.1House & Home
OhmPlugOhmConnect41.8K3.1House & Home
SwiftlaneSwiftlane31.3K4.5Business
FlairFlair Systems27.6K2.8Lifestyle
EZcare (EZ Inspections)EZinspections21.8K2Productivity

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q3–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Electric Vehicles1235.7MLime - #RideGreen 32.7M
Road Transport Tech432.8MGo X - Ride the Future 99.5K
Energy Efficiency Tech231.7MLIFX 1.4M
Facility Management Tech221.7MLighter for Philips Hue Lights 119.3K
Smart Homes111.6MMolekule 54.1K
Property Management Tech12124.3KOhmPlug 41.8K
Iot Applications848KSRECTrade LCFS Calculator 2K
Smart Grid446KSHYFT FlexView 1.8K

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2022Q4: 22022Q4: 02022Q42023Q3: 12023Q3: 02023Q32023Q4: 32023Q4: 12023Q42024Q1: 12024Q1: 02024Q12024Q4: 12024Q4: 12024Q42025Q1: 12025Q1: 02025Q12025Q2: 12025Q2: 12025Q22025Q3: 12025Q3: 52025Q3

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 37 of 37 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2025Q3, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The San Francisco energy tech market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Enterprise tech219
Consumer digital87
Enterprise software87
Green transport83
Deep tech83
Saas58
Energy saas44
Electric vehicle charging35
Smart buildings29
Solar energy tech24
Sustainable batteries17
Building energy management system14

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Enterprise tech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

219companies
16.0%have hiring activity

35 companies hiring · $9.45B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription167
Physical commerce97
E-commerce - product51
Commission on transaction40
Fee-for-service22
E-commerce - service12
Advertising8
Lending3
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
IPO activityfervoenergy.com ↗

Fervo Energy said on Monday it was targeting a valuation of up to US$6.5 billion in its initial public offering in the United States. The Houston-based energy developer also said it is aiming to raise up to $1.3 billion in the IPO by offering 55.6 million shares priced between $21 and $24 apiece.

Funding roundsglydways.com ↗

Glydways has now raised a total of $382.5M in total equity funding and is backed by ACS Group Directory, Gates Frontier Fund, Khosla Ventures, Mitsui Chemicals, and Obayashi Corporation.

Funding roundsparticle.io ↗

Particle has raised more than $10 million from investors, including Lightspeed and Axel Springer, the owner of Business Insider.

Mergers & acquisitionszitara.com ↗

Fortescue battery intelligence platform Elysia has acquired Zitara, a US-based company specialising in onsite precision control solutions.

Funding roundsaetherfuels.com ↗

Sustainable fuels technology company Aether Fuels announced it has raised $15 million in convertible note financing, with proceeds aimed at accelerating the development of its first commercial-scale sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) facility in Singapore.

Funding roundsnavierboat.com ↗

Navier announced a $5.6 million seed funding round led by GV, HCVC, and Y Combinator.

Mergers & acquisitionsmetronome.com ↗

Stripe, the Irish-American fintech services provider, has announced plans to acquire Metronome, a US-based software developer in the billing and invoice space, for an undisclosed amount.

Funding roundsskycoolsystems.com ↗

The $55 million energy technology program—funded by Wells Fargo & Company and coadministered by NREL—welcomed three startups to its next cohort in the Emerging Tech track.

Funding roundssunflower-labs.com ↗

Sunflower Labs, led by co‑founder & CEO Alex Pachikov, announced three major milestones: a nationwide FAA approval to operate BVLOS (beyond visual line of sight) in nearly all U.S. locations, a new interactive property‑configuration tool, and a $16 million Series B funding round led by Sequoia Capital alongside Alarm.com, DRONE FUND, Gentian Investments, Wakestream Ventures, Atlas Ventures and Daybreak Ventures.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 189 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Funding rounds
59
Company announcements
43
Leadership moves
14
Capital infusions
14
Mergers & acquisitions
14
Contracts
14
Earnings
11
New products
6
Layoffs
4
IPO activity
4
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

IPO pipeline

2 companies with recorded IPO activity

IPO · Nasdaq3 reports

Lime ↗

IPO1 reports

Leadership moves

5 tracked people moves

Vinod Kannan

Appointment Chief Commercial Officer

Lightship ↗
Mark Roberts

Appointment Chief Executive of the Chartering Arm

Lightship ↗
Sune Fladberg

Appointment Vice Chairman of the Executive Board

Xpansiv ↗
Kristina Schaefer-Williams

Appointment Senior Vice President of Sales

Xpansiv ↗
Michael Applebaum

Appointment Vice President of Marketing

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Singapore-Palembang direct flight

Flight route

Contract wins

7 recorded customer wins

Gotion ↗

Customer: Chery Heavy TrucksTransportation

Gotion ↗

Customer: Transportation

Customer: bridgepointe technologiesData Center Infrastructure Management

Customer: asterAviation fuel

Xpansiv ↗

Customer: gold standardCarbon market, environmental commodity markets

Customer: Singapore Airlines GroupAviation

Workforce actions

3 companies with reported reductions

Verse ↗

Scale not stated rolesAI automation

58 roleseconomic uncertainty

Volta ↗

190 rolescost reduction

Regulatory events

2 recorded events

approved to operate across 99% of the U.S.Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

fined for age disclosure failuresOfcom

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

3companies
19period observations
1.8%median reported growth

Median across 17 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
digi international→Particle ↗Announced2026-02-02$50.0M
Fortescue battery intelligence platform Elysia→Zitara ↗Announced2026-01-15Not stated in snapshot
stripe→Metronome ↗Announced2026-01-13Not stated in snapshot
Waypoint Building→PRS HoldcoCompleted2025-12-04Not stated in snapshot
Waypoint Building→PRS REIT (PRSR)Completed2025-10-07Not stated in snapshot
forest→Fenix International ↗Rumored2025-05-23$8.0B

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

736 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 1,326-posting snapshot covers 61 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Principal Engineering Program Manager11
Operations Coordinator11
Senior Lead, Government Relations8
Account Executive (Logistics)7
Clinical Project Manager7
Operations Specialist6
0 internship postings

128 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

351 postings specify a level.

unspecified
975
manager
199
senior
97
lead
39
intern
9
entry
7

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 1,326 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Sql
82
Excel
76
Ios
53
Python
52
Pallet Jack
50
Push Cart
49
Google Sheets
48
Cell Phone Applications
45
React
38
Tableau
33
ADVERTISED PAY$80.0K/ year

Median across 79 postings with pay data, expressed in USD.

THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

274 founders and chief executives across 166 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

95 profiles with education records.

Stanford University
29
University of California (Berkeley)
13
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11
Harvard University
10
Stanford Business School
7
University of Pennsylvania
5
INSEAD
4
University of Cambridge
3

Prior employers

21 profiles with prior-work records.

McKinsey
5
Bain
3
Google
3
Goldman Sachs
2
Microsoft
2
Amazon
2
Cisco
1
Facebook
1

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

6,343 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
6,343articles in the measured year
1,673articles in 2026Q1
70.6%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Energy Tech coverage tagged San Francisco · articles per complete quarter

08271,6542,4813,3092021Q2: 1,2552021Q22021Q3: 1,6042021Q4: 1,2062022Q1: 1,6502022Q2: 1,4052022Q22022Q3: 1,3942022Q4: 1,4892023Q1: 1,7132023Q2: 1,7242023Q22023Q3: 1,4032023Q4: 1,5252024Q1: 1,6922024Q2: 1,4782024Q22024Q3: 1,5462024Q4: 1,5962025Q1: 2,8772025Q2: 1,5492025Q22025Q3: 1,7042025Q4: 1,4352026Q1: 1,6732026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q21,255
2021Q31,604
2021Q41,206
2022Q11,650
2022Q21,405
2022Q31,394
2022Q41,489
2023Q11,713
2023Q21,724
2023Q31,403
2023Q41,525
2024Q11,692
2024Q21,478
2024Q31,546
2024Q41,596
2025Q12,877
2025Q21,549
2025Q31,704
2025Q41,435
2026Q11,673

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
3,188 positive · 29 neutral · 1,059 negative
2022
4,038 positive · 39 neutral · 1,856 negative
2023
4,289 positive · 54 neutral · 2,015 negative
2024
4,526 positive · 49 neutral · 1,732 negative
2025
5,331 positive · 64 neutral · 2,156 negative

Leading coverage topics

Energy Tech coverage tagged San Francisco · ranked by full-period article count.

Oil And Gas Market Trends61,003 articles in the full recorded period
22,396 recent · 9,866 prior
Solar Photovoltaic (Pv) Energy Systems32,121 articles in the full recorded period
7,726 recent · 7,341 prior
Geopolitical Factors In Oil Supply31,991 articles in the full recorded period
15,298 recent · 3,883 prior
New Product Launches And Innovations22,127 articles in the full recorded period
5,550 recent · 5,134 prior
Strategic Partnerships And Collaborations19,536 articles in the full recorded period
5,400 recent · 4,503 prior
Professional League Updates19,455 articles in the full recorded period
4,496 recent · 4,685 prior
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies19,136 articles in the full recorded period
3,102 recent · 3,298 prior
Lunar And Martian Exploration Missions18,791 articles in the full recorded period
7,142 recent · 3,296 prior
Renewable Energy Sources And Technologies18,558 articles in the full recorded period
3,363 recent · 3,433 prior
Sustainability Initiatives And Esg Reporting18,360 articles in the full recorded period
3,546 recent · 4,071 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

United States comparison coverage

KeywordRecentPriorChange
oil price volatility9,2984,619101%
commodity trading5,4862,599111%
export sanctions4,3901,344227%
artemis program3,7162411442%
opec policies3,6841,145222%
tanker routing3,033332814%
aframax tankers2,935411614%
suezmax tankers2,509489413%
fuel price disparities1,47096752%
cross-country pipelines1,4631,00246%
fire impact study4381,788-76%
wildfire control4231,656-74%
fire suppression3681,645-78%
organic recycling9921,487-33%
landfill operations5721,477-61%

Event and signal lenses

United States comparison coverage

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

447,887 classified articles

clean energy mandates, solar electricity generation, oil price volatility

49.4% critical · 34.3% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

124,971 classified articles

satellite telecommunication, solar electricity generation, satellite ground stations

44.4% critical · 49.7% positive
Rising

Growth

184,602 classified articles

dc fast-charging deployment, charging corridor development, pipeline construction

41.6% critical · 45.4% positive

Energy Tech coverage tagged San Francisco. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Energy Tech research is working on

5,941 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
5,941papers
53,205worldwide comparison pool
5,941India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Promising
2,464
Breakthrough
1,937
Problem-identifying
580
Descriptive
482
Comparative
260
Cautionary
191
Critical
27

Contribution mix

Methods-led
3,349
Empirical
1,386
Reviews
999
Position pieces
171
Theoretical
36

Tone counts: 5,690 positive · 175 neutral · 76 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
607 papers · 10.2% of this field
  • Energy storage338 papers
  • Battery167 papers
  • Renewable energy133 papers
  • Electrolyte95 papers
  • Anode81 papers
  • Nanotechnology65 papers
  • Cathode60 papers
  • Lithium59 papers

Landmark: Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage

Cautions
191 papers · 3.2% of this field
  • Energy storage75 papers
  • Battery43 papers
  • Renewable energy41 papers
  • Electrolyte34 papers
  • Anode18 papers
  • Cathode17 papers
  • Electrochemistry17 papers
  • Flow battery17 papers

Landmark: Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Potential Alternatives to Current Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Opportunities
4,401 papers · 74.1% of this field
  • Energy storage1,749 papers
  • Battery842 papers
  • Renewable energy618 papers
  • Electrolyte602 papers
  • Electrochemistry469 papers
  • Anode444 papers
  • Cathode433 papers
  • Supercapacitor428 papers

Landmark: Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage

Leading institutions

University of California, Los Angeles
45,015
The University of Texas at Austin
43,827
Argonne National Laboratory
32,747
California NanoSystems Institute
31,121
Stanford University
30,935
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
28,208

Leading researchers

Bruce Dunn
29,397
Patrice Simon
20,889
Yury Gogotsi
19,174
Haresh Kamath
14,705
Jean‐Marie Tarascon
14,468
Arumugam Manthiram
13,520
Yi Cui
11,612
John B. Goodenough
11,153

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • Challenges and Prospects of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries2,319 citations
  • Smaller Sulfur Molecules Promise Better Lithium–Sulfur Batteries1,622 citations
  • Stretchable, Porous, and Conductive Energy Textiles1,462 citations
  • Three-dimensional holey-graphene/niobia composite architectures for ultrahigh-rate energy storage1,444 citations
  • Rechargeable nickel–3D zinc batteries: An energy-dense, safer alternative to lithium-ion1,295 citations

Common problems researchers identify

588 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Energy Storage System BarriersCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Energy Storage System Barriers

141 papers

24.0% of this theme group

Researchers highlight technical and integration challenges limiting large‑scale renewable and thermal storage deployment.

Energy storage (107) · Renewable energy (59) · Energy (22) · Thermal energy storage (14)

History, Evolution, and Future Status of Energy Storage

A Comprehensive Review on Energy Storage Systems: Types, Comparison, Current Scenario, Applications, Barriers, and Potential Solutions, Poli

View research history
YearShare index
20221105.5
20231185.5
20241124.3
20251545.3
Battery Material LimitationsCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Battery Material Limitations

100 papers

17.0% of this theme group

Studies point to difficulties in anode, cathode, and electrolyte design for next‑generation sodium and lithium batteries.

Anode (58) · Cathode (48) · Battery (42) · Electrochemistry (26)

Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries and Beyond: Realizing Practical High Energy Systems through Anode, Cathode, and Electrolyte Enginee

Research Progress and Perspectives on Pre‐Sodiation Strategies for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

View research history
YearShare index
2022478.0
2023477.3
2024418.7
2025508.1
Renewable Power Grid IntegrationCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Renewable Power Grid Integration

91 papers

15.5% of this theme group

Papers discuss obstacles in coupling photovoltaics, wind, and electric vehicles with existing power networks.

Electric power system (15) · Renewable energy (37) · Photovoltaic system (11) · Electric vehicle (8)

A Review of Hybrid Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation: Configurations, Control, and Applications

The TWh challenge: Next generation batteries for energy storage and electric vehicles

View research history
YearShare index
20221477.1
20231557.9
20241439.8
20251988.2
Nanomaterial‑Based SupercapacitorsCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Nanomaterial‑Based Supercapacitors

88 papers

15.0% of this theme group

Authors note scalability and durability issues for nanostructured electrochemical storage devices.

Supercapacitor (35) · Nanotechnology (43) · Energy storage (76) · Electrochemical energy storage (18)

Energy storage: The future enabled by nanomaterials

Flexible and Stretchable Energy Storage: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

View research history
YearShare index
20224845.5
20234681.9
20244784.4
20253630.0
Electrolyte and Diagnostic GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Electrolyte and Diagnostic Gaps

79 papers

13.4% of this theme group

Research flags insufficient electrolyte performance and lack of robust diagnostic tools for high‑energy batteries.

Electrolyte (57) · Electrochemistry (28) · Battery (36) · Lithium (21)

Challenges in Developing Electrodes, Electrolytes, and Diagnostics Tools to Understand and Advance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Recent Progress on Multifunctional Electrolyte Additives for High‐Energy‐Density Li Batteries – A Review

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YearShare index
20221186.1
20231196.1
20241072.8
20251195.7
Energy Density CeilingCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Energy Density Ceiling

60 papers

10.2% of this theme group

Works examine the approaching limits of lithium‑ion systems and challenges for higher‑capacity alternatives.

Battery (44) · Lithium (20) · Energy storage (38) · Energy density (9)

Electrical energy storage for transportation—approaching the limits of, and going beyond, lithium-ion batteries

Lithium–Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential, Status, and Future

View research history
YearShare index
202271.1
202373.5
202479.1
202596.1
Redox Flow Battery ChallengesCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Redox Flow Battery Challenges

29 papers

4.9% of this theme group

Studies identify material stability, cost, and membrane durability as key hurdles for flow‑type storage.

Flow battery (17) · Redox (16) · Vanadium (6) · Energy storage (21)

Recent Progress in Redox Flow Battery Research and Development

Materials and Systems for Organic Redox Flow Batteries: Status and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
2022229.6
2023224.8
2024201.8
2025257.5

Cautions

184 papers · 4 recurring themes
4 cards

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Grid Reliability with RenewablesCautions · 01

Grid Reliability with Renewables

58 papers

31.5% of this theme group

Authors caution that climate impacts and storage needs may strain grid stability in high‑renewable scenarios.

Renewable energy (30) · Photovoltaic system (9) · Grid (13) · Wind power (9)

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy and Storage Requirements for Grid Reliability and Resource Adequacy

Synergies and trade-offs between storage, transmission, and sector coupling in high renewable energy systems

View research history
YearShare index
20221720.1
20231836.7
20241693.3
20252352.7
Thermal and Hydrogen Storage RisksCautions · 02

Thermal and Hydrogen Storage Risks

57 papers

31.0% of this theme group

Papers warn about efficiency losses and safety concerns in thermal and hydrogen‑based storage solutions.

Energy storage (40) · Energy (8) · Thermal energy storage (4) · Hydrogen storage (4)

Electricity storage for intermittent renewable sources

ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL OF ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTIONS FOR GRID EFFICIENCY: A REVIEW

View research history
YearShare index
2022147.3
2023167.3
2024145.8
2025170.2
Lithium Battery Design Trade‑offsCautions · 03

Lithium Battery Design Trade‑offs

40 papers

21.7% of this theme group

Research highlights how electrode thickness and material choices affect fast‑charging performance and longevity.

Anode (16) · Cathode (14) · Electrolyte (18) · Lithium (8)

Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Potential Alternatives to Current Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Assessing the Impact of Thick Electrode Structure on the Fast Charge Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

View research history
YearShare index
2022804.6
2023822.9
2024728.0
2025861.7
Vanadium Flow Battery ReliabilityCautions · 04

Vanadium Flow Battery Reliability

29 papers

15.8% of this theme group

Studies raise concerns over voltage limits and membrane degradation affecting long‑term operation.

Flow battery (15) · Redox (13) · Vanadium (9) · Membrane (5)

Investigating Manganese–Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Energy Storage and Subsequent Hydrogen Generation

Reliability studies of vanadium redox flow batteries: upper limit voltage effect

View research history
YearShare index
2022229.6
2023224.8
2024201.8
2025257.5

Opportunities

4,239 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

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Advanced Battery MaterialsOpportunities · 01

Advanced Battery Materials

1,077 papers

25.4% of this theme group

Investigations explore high‑voltage cathodes, solid‑state electrolytes, and novel anodes for superior rechargeable batteries.

Cathode (390) · Anode (354) · Electrolyte (419) · Lithium (188)

Progress in High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries with an In‐Built Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte and a High Voltage/Loading Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode

View research history
YearShare index
2022804.6
2023822.9
2024728.0
2025861.7
Hybrid Storage OptimizationOpportunities · 02

Hybrid Storage Optimization

884 papers

20.9% of this theme group

Works propose coordinated battery charging, swapping, and renewable integration to reduce costs and improve efficiency.

Energy storage (703) · Renewable energy (235) · Energy (127) · Photovoltaic system (123)

Hybrid Energy Storage System Optimization With Battery Charging and Swapping Coordination

Electricity Cost Optimization for Large Loads through Energy Storage and Renewable Energy

View research history
YearShare index
20221395.7
20231488.9
20241415.4
20251917.7
Smart Microgrid ManagementOpportunities · 03

Smart Microgrid Management

656 papers

15.5% of this theme group

Research develops dynamic control strategies for distributed solar, storage, and load balancing in microgrids.

Renewable energy (246) · Microgrid (131) · Photovoltaic system (137) · Grid (121)

Dynamic Control and Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources in a Microgrid

Optimized Energy Management of Grid Connected Solar/Battery-dependent Smart Microgrid

View research history
YearShare index
20221412.3
20231495.7
20241429.1
20251947.7
Nanotech Energy ConversionOpportunities · 04

Nanotech Energy Conversion

637 papers

15.0% of this theme group

Papers showcase nanomaterials enabling high‑performance electrochemical and pseudocapacitive storage mechanisms.

Dielectric (102) · Energy storage (397) · Nanotechnology (109) · Electrochemical energy storage (47)

Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage

Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage in Thick Composite MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystal‐Based Electrodes

View research history
YearShare index
20224846.0
20234682.4
20244768.8
20253582.3
Graphene‑Based SupercapacitorsOpportunities · 05

Graphene‑Based Supercapacitors

425 papers

10.0% of this theme group

Studies demonstrate enhanced capacitance and durability using graphene and metal‑oxide nanostructured electrodes.

Supercapacitor (336) · Capacitance (179) · Graphene (98) · Electrode (96)

Enhancing the Supercapacitor Performance of Graphene/MnO<sub>2</sub> Nanostructured Electrodes by Conductive Wrapping

Carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage

View research history
YearShare index
2022553.8
2023504.3
2024448.9
2025380.7
Phase‑Change Thermal StorageOpportunities · 06

Phase‑Change Thermal Storage

337 papers

7.9% of this theme group

Research advances hybrid thermal systems that capture solar and waste heat for high‑density storage.

Thermal energy storage (181) · Thermal (70) · Energy storage (197) · Phase-change material (30)

The development and performance evaluation of an alternative energy-based hybrid cold storage system

Enhanced energy storage density in thermal energy storage systems simultaneously heated with solar radiation and industrial waste heat

View research history
YearShare index
2022182.1
2023190.9
2024194.8
2025243.8
Next‑Gen Redox Flow DesignsOpportunities · 07

Next‑Gen Redox Flow Designs

223 papers

5.3% of this theme group

Works investigate organic and non‑aqueous chemistries to boost performance and reduce costs of flow batteries.

Flow battery (164) · Redox (153) · Vanadium (46) · Flow (26)

An All‐Organic Non‐aqueous Lithium‐Ion Redox Flow Battery

Toward High-Performance Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries through Electrolyte Design

View research history
YearShare index
2022229.6
2023224.8
2024201.8
2025257.5

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Promising41.5%37.6%
Breakthrough32.6%25.9%
Problem-identifying9.8%9.7%
Descriptive8.1%17.4%
Comparative4.4%3.9%
Cautionary3.2%4.6%
Critical0.5%0.9%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Energy & datacenter footprintEnergy storage in datacenters100.18%2 (20.0%)0.09%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainSustainable Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste-Derived Cu-Based Metal–Organic Framework/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) H30.05%0 (0.0%)0.06%
Concentration of compute powerEnergy Storage Market Power Withholding Bounds in Real-time Markets30.05%1 (33.3%)0.03%
Water useExperimental and Theoretical Analysis of Immersion Cooling of a Li-Ion Battery Module20.04%0 (0.0%)0.03%
Privacy & surveillanceIncreasing Smart Meter Privacy Through Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices20.04%0 (0.0%)0.05%
Safety & misuseCyber Resilience of Battery Energy Storage System Scheduling under Adversarial Attack on Load Forecasting10.02%1 (100.0%)0.01%
Bias & fairnessIncorporating Fairness in Transmission and Energy Storage Planning Utilizing Min-Max Formulation for Load Shedding Opera10.02%0 (0.0%)0.02%
Carbon & emissions of compute00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Labour & data work00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Energy Tech in San Francisco: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

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Put San Francisco in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 4 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
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