Industry landscapes
The companies, capital and talent shaping fintech in South Korea. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.
An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.
24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.
Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗
No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.
Explore classified startups in Radar ↗A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.
12 of 459 tracked companies have open roles.
78 of 459 tracked companies have a recorded round.
Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.
Midpoint of 107 rounds with a disclosed amount.
Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 55.4% of disclosed capital, while 83.0% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.
Explore the segments →Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.
Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD
| Year | Funding (USD) | Founded | Raising |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $34.4M | 34 | 7 |
| 2017 | $264.67M | 45 | 6 |
| 2018 | $273.93M | 27 | 10 |
| 2019 | $1.27B | 51 | 15 |
| 2020 | $438.83M | 34 | 15 |
| 2021 | $900.09M | 31 | 14 |
| 2022 | $552.15M | 21 | 5 |
| 2023 | $413.52M | 8 | 9 |
| 2024 | $65.05M | 5 | 12 |
| 2025 | $35.51M | 4 | 5 |
Share of all disclosed company funding.
147 recorded rounds since 2016
Recorded participation in fintech company rounds since 2016.
Backed by STH.
Backed by Mirae Asset.
Backed by Alkeon Capital Management and Korean Development Bank and others.
Backed by Altos Ventures Management and Goodwater Capital and others.
Backed by Ant Group.
Backed by Tonic and Altos Ventures Management and others.
Backed by Aspex Management and Kleiner Perkins and others.
Backed by Premier Partners and Altos Ventures Management and others.
Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.
Backed by Affirma Capital and Hanwha and others.
Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.
No reviewed exact national-ID connector has yet been qualified for South Korea; this is a checked implementation boundary, not evidence that filings are absent.; No reviewed exact national-ID connector has yet been qualified for South Korea; this is a checked implementation boundary, not evidence that filings are absent.
How the South Korea companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.
30 of the 459 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (6.5%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 565,207 visits.
| Company | Monthly visits | Authority | Mobile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kakao Paykakaopay.com | 10,867,231 | 45 | 86.2% |
| Tosstoss.im | 10,059,004 | 58 | 79% |
| ShinhanCardshinhancard.com | 8,825,019 | 53 | 84.4% |
| Samsung Cardsamsungcard.com | 4,257,340 | 50 | 86.9% |
| Hyundai Cardhyundaicard.com | 3,762,873 | 52 | 69.7% |
| Kbankkbanknow.com | 3,677,786 | 43 | 98% |
| Hana Cardhanacard.co.kr | 2,667,732 | 48 | 71.8% |
| KG Inicisinicis.com | 2,617,785 | 33 | 50.9% |
| KB Securitieskbsec.com | 1,812,220 | 42 | 73.4% |
| DB Insurancedirectdb.co.kr | 1,675,575 | 42 | 84.9% |
Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.
159 of these companies (34.6%) publish at least one Android app — 281 apps in all, carrying 456.9M installs between them.
| App | Installs | Rating | Store category |
|---|---|---|---|
| TossToss | 43.6M | 3.5 | Finance |
| 시럽 - 금받는 앱테크, 돈버는앱, 경유쇼핑, 현금인출Syrup | 35.2M | 4.3 | Lifestyle |
| 카카오뱅크KakaoBank | 34.9M | 3.2 | Finance |
| 신한 SOL페이 - 신한카드 대표플랫폼ShinhanCard | 29.2M | 2.9 | Finance |
| 모바일티머니 - 기후동행카드, K-패스(모두의 카드)Tmoney | 20.6M | 3.6 | Maps & Navigation |
| 삼성카드Samsung Card | 19.8M | 3.5 | Finance |
| 현대카드Hyundai Card | 19.3M | 4.7 | Finance |
| 카카오페이Kakao Pay | 19.1M | 2.9 | Finance |
| 케이뱅크Kbank | 14.7M | 4.7 | Finance |
| 디지로카(롯데카드)Lotte Card | 14.6M | 2.4 | Finance |
Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.
The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q3–2026Q1).
| Segment | Apps | Installs | Leading app | Release trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payments | 147 | 319.2M | Toss 43.6M | |
| Banking Tech | 25 | 111.5M | 카카오뱅크 34.9M | |
| Alternative Lending | 32 | 62.5M | 신한 SOL페이 - 신한카드 대표플랫폼 29.2M | |
| Internet First Insurance Platforms | 31 | 42.3M | KB손해보험 공식앱 (대표+다이렉트 통합) 6M | |
| Banks | 2 | 14.8M | 케이뱅크 14.7M | |
| Cybersecurity | 8 | 7.6M | (구)시티즌코난 - 피싱아이즈 폴리스,보이스피싱,스미싱 6.9M | |
| Regtech | 7 | 7.6M | Any OTP 302.7K | |
| Security & Surveillance Technology | 5 | 7.3M | AnyAUTH 147.5K |
A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.
New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.
Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 148 of 281 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.
Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.
Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.
Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.
The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.
4 companies hiring · $3.25B disclosed funding
Explore in RadarCommon revenue models; a company can use more than one.
Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.
In an April 15 filing, the companies outlined plans to move toward listing Naver Financial on the stock market.
Fintech firms like Paywatch and Funding Societies underscore the sector's appeal, with recent rounds exceeding $20 million each to expand digital lending and payments.
South Korea financial app Toss is planning for a United States IPO in 2026 to raise $2.5 billion at $15 billion valuation.
Habit Factory, a Seoul, South Korea-based AI-driven fintech company, has raised ₩35 billion in Series D funding.
Tiptree Inc. (NASDAQ: TIPT) has agreed to sell its crown-jewel subsidiary, The Fortegra Group, Inc., to South Korean insurer DB Insurance Co. Ltd. (KRX: 005830) for approximately $1.65 billion in an all-cash deal.
On the fintech front, Instapay, a digital payments startup based in India, raised $3 million in a Series A2 funding round to grow its services and expand into new countries.
Radio frequency communications specialist GME has announced its acquisition of defence electronics company Eylex.
Kbank, an online bank competing with Toss Bank, suspended its second attempt at an IPO on Oct. 18 due to low demand.
The state-run Personal Information Protection Commission has already imposed a $64 million fine on the firm over the incident.
KB Kookmin Bank and KB Securities accounted for more than three-fourths of the group's earnings as their net incomes amounted to $2.62 billion, up 21.7% year-on-year.
Top 10 categories among 69 recorded events in the 24-month window.
3 companies with recorded IPO activity
Products, platforms and features in the recorded window
Money Transfer
Group Account Management
Customer Support
Risk Assessment
8 recorded events
fined $64 millionPersonal Information Protection Commission
suspended business operations for 4.5 monthsSouth Korea’s Financial Supervisory Service
Financial Supervisory Service (FSS)
pending approvalFair Trade Commission
Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.
| Acquirer → target | Status | Date | Value / context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Naver Financial→dunamu | Announced | 2026-06-30 | Not stated in snapshot |
| DB Insurance→Fortegra Group | Announced | 2025-12-29 | $1.6B |
| GME→eylex | Announced | 2025-03-17 | Not stated in snapshot |
| SkyLake Equity Partners→Business on Communication ↗ | Announced | 2024-07-25 | $258.0M |
| Kakao Pay→Siebert Financial | Announced | 2024-05-04 | $17.0M |
| jb financial group→Hanpass ↗ | Announced | 2023-12-21 | Not stated in snapshot |
A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.
0 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 1-posting snapshot covers 1 employers.
0 tracked postings mention remote work.
| Company | Open roles |
|---|---|
| Toss Bank ↗ | 3 |
| KPSC ↗ | 2 |
| Danal ↗ | 2 |
| Travel Wallet ↗ | 2 |
| Kona SL ↗ | 2 |
| People\'s Fund ↗ | 1 |
| Toss Payments ↗ | 1 |
| GmoneyTrans ↗ | 1 |
| Company | Employees |
|---|---|
| Hanwha General Insurance ↗ | 2,974 |
| Toss ↗ | 1,900 |
| KakaoBank ↗ | 1,386 |
| Kakao Pay ↗ | 1,114 |
| jb woori capital company ↗ | 792 |
| Kbank ↗ | 425 |
| Naver Financial ↗ | 246 |
| Toss Payments ↗ | 165 |
201 founders and chief executives across 169 companies.
Seoul National University Doctor of Dental Surgeon, General Practice 2007.
CEO Kakaopay. Konkuk University 2000 & MS 2002
Hanwha Corporation, ex-Hanwha General Insurance, Accenture. Seoul National University BA 1996, Seoul National University MBA 2011
Ex-Samsung Electronics, Deloitte, IBM. KAIST BSc 2005, MSc 2007, INSEAD MBA 2014
Founder & CEO Port One Global, TMON, Fast Track Asia, ex-Co-Founder Terraform Labs, McKinsey · The Wharton School BSc 2008
Ex - Founder Seo Tae-woong Hotteok. Sogang University
Ex- YellowDog, Tumblbug. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy 2008, Stanford University BS 2014
Hansung University
Seoul National University BBA 2014
Ex-CK Goldilocks Asset Management, HaaFor, Samsung Securities. KAIST 2004, KAIST MSc 2006
Ex-CEO DeepNumbers & MHR. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Ex-IBM Korea.
12 profiles with education records.
4 profiles with prior-work records.
Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.
271,799 articles in the measured 12-month window.
Fintech coverage across South Korea · articles per complete quarter
| Quarter | Articles |
|---|---|
| 2021Q2 | 29,287 |
| 2021Q3 | 32,572 |
| 2021Q4 | 29,806 |
| 2022Q1 | 35,741 |
| 2022Q2 | 34,422 |
| 2022Q3 | 36,590 |
| 2022Q4 | 53,786 |
| 2023Q1 | 49,004 |
| 2023Q2 | 46,620 |
| 2023Q3 | 53,376 |
| 2023Q4 | 42,424 |
| 2024Q1 | 50,507 |
| 2024Q2 | 55,461 |
| 2024Q3 | 55,473 |
| 2024Q4 | 68,304 |
| 2025Q1 | 78,604 |
| 2025Q2 | 52,326 |
| 2025Q3 | 133,310 |
| 2025Q4 | 42,756 |
| 2026Q1 | 47,791 |
Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.
100 recorded company events across 26 companies; percentages use that event total.
Fintech coverage across South Korea · ranked by full-period article count.
Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.
Fintech coverage across South Korea
| Keyword | Recent | Prior | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| countries | 4,175 | 1,848 | 126% |
| bilateral trade | 1,303 | 860 | 52% |
| trade facilitation commitments | 645 | 450 | 43% |
| stablecoin fx impact | 498 | 94 | 430% |
| summit diplomacy | 498 | 283 | 76% |
| study overseas | 447 | 178 | 151% |
| oil price volatility | 428 | 65 | 558% |
| bilateral trade terms | 426 | 297 | 43% |
| overseas study | 391 | 172 | 127% |
| trade finance | 357 | 248 | 44% |
| aircraft wreckage | 84 | 670 | -87% |
| aircraft emergency procedures | 59 | 549 | -89% |
| olympic team selections | 298 | 502 | -41% |
| flight safety measures | 71 | 492 | -86% |
| korean dmz clashes | 165 | 384 | -57% |
Fintech coverage across South Korea
territories, disputed islands, countries
15.1% critical · 9.9% positivequarterfinals, world cup, pre-ipo valuation
42.8% critical · 44.8% positivegdp growth rate, gdp acceleration, economic output growth
32.9% critical · 47.9% positiveFintech coverage across South Korea. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.
13,825 papers in the recorded worldwide scope.
Tone counts: 12,714 positive · 252 neutral · 859 negative.
Landmark: The digital revolution in financial inclusion: international development in the fintech era
Landmark: Blockchain Technology in Finance
Landmark: On the Fintech Revolution: Interpreting the Forces of Innovation, Disruption, and Transformation in Financial Services
Common problems researchers identify · 0124.1% of this theme group
Researchers highlight obstacles to broadening access to financial services through fintech innovations.
FinTech (679) · Financial services (885) · Financial inclusion (269) · Financial innovation (90)
Enriching Financial Inclusion through Fintech
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE BANKING SYSTEM: PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN FINTECH COMPANIES AND BANKS
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 535.2 |
| 2023 | 588.5 |
| 2024 | 650.5 |
| 2025 | 1023.2 |
Common problems researchers identify · 0222.7% of this theme group
Studies examine cost, security, and infrastructure issues hindering electronic payment adoption.
Payment (1,251) · Payment system (509) · Payment service provider (217) · Settlement (86)
Better than Cash, but Beware the Costs: Electronic Payments Systems and Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 590.9 |
| 2023 | 562.2 |
| 2024 | 710.5 |
| 2025 | 799.0 |
Common problems researchers identify · 0319.1% of this theme group
Works investigate user acceptance, technology constraints, and trust factors in mobile banking.
Mobile payment (869) · Mobile banking (220) · Mobile business development (111) · Mobile phone (135)
User Acceptance Testing of Mobile Payment in Various Scenarios
Exploring Determinants Influencing the Intention to Use Mobile Payment Service
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 77.6 |
| 2023 | 83.0 |
| 2024 | 82.8 |
| 2025 | 139.8 |
Common problems researchers identify · 0411.5% of this theme group
Papers focus on detection difficulties and evolving tactics behind credit‑card fraud.
Credit card fraud (107) · Credit card (118) · Financial fraud (43) · Computer security (107)
Machine Learning for Credit Card Fraud Detection
Credit Card Fraud Detection and Analysis
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 47.3 |
| 2023 | 47.0 |
| 2024 | 47.7 |
| 2025 | 63.6 |
Common problems researchers identify · 059.8% of this theme group
Research points to market impact, regulatory gaps, and insider‑trading vulnerabilities in high‑frequency trading.
Algorithmic trading (222) · High-frequency trading (148) · Alternative trading system (140) · Insider trading (79)
High-Frequency Trading and Its Impact on Markets
High-Frequency Trading: A Regulatory Strategy
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 19.5 |
| 2023 | 20.0 |
| 2024 | 18.3 |
| 2025 | 31.1 |
Common problems researchers identify · 066.7% of this theme group
Studies discuss model risk, data quality, and computational challenges in modern portfolio theory.
Portfolio (386) · Portfolio optimization (163) · Modern portfolio theory (70) · Post-modern portfolio theory (46)
Machine Learning Optimization Algorithms & Portfolio Allocation
Portfolio Optimization: New Challenges and Perspectives
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 315.6 |
| 2023 | 306.6 |
| 2024 | 225.8 |
| 2025 | 345.9 |
Common problems researchers identify · 076.0% of this theme group
Analyses address regulatory complexity and the tension between anti‑money‑laundering measures and inclusion.
Money laundering (320) · Terrorism (65) · Accounting (54) · Compliance (44)
National and international anti-money laundering law : developing the architecture of criminal justice, regulation and data protection
Balancing anti-money laundering measures and financial inclusion
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 1897.3 |
| 2023 | 1880.1 |
| 2024 | 1584.8 |
| 2025 | 1002.7 |
Cautions · 0120.2% of this theme group
Authors urge careful policy design to balance innovation with systemic stability.
FinTech (412) · Financial services (449) · Financial inclusion (227) · Financial innovation (65)
The Role of Fintech Technology in Improving Financial Inclusion and Financial System Stability
Advancing Financial Inclusion through FinTech: A Regulatory Insight into Emerging Industry Practices
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 535.2 |
| 2023 | 588.5 |
| 2024 | 650.5 |
| 2025 | 1023.2 |
Cautions · 0215.5% of this theme group
Works caution about market quality effects and the need for robust regulatory frameworks.
Algorithmic trading (254) · High-frequency trading (153) · Alternative trading system (102) · Trading strategy (117)
High Frequency Trading and Its Impact on Market Quality
Implementing High Frequency Trading Regulation: A Critical Analysis of Current Reforms
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 19.5 |
| 2023 | 20.0 |
| 2024 | 18.3 |
| 2025 | 31.1 |
Cautions · 0315.1% of this theme group
Research highlights consumer preferences and policy shifts that may create unintended consequences.
Payment (536) · Payment system (180) · Reimbursement (36) · Prospective payment system (34)
Hospital response to a new case-based payment system in China: the patient selection effect
Payments transition in India – consumer preferences and policy shifts
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 598.5 |
| 2023 | 567.6 |
| 2024 | 714.6 |
| 2025 | 803.0 |
Cautions · 0413.9% of this theme group
Studies stress the importance of accounting for econometric uncertainty in optimization.
Portfolio (494) · Portfolio optimization (203) · Diversification (105) · Econometrics (109)
Model Risk in Portfolio Optimization
Optimization of portfolio management based on vector autoregression models and multivariate volatility models
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 318.1 |
| 2023 | 308.9 |
| 2024 | 228.0 |
| 2025 | 346.6 |
Cautions · 0513.3% of this theme group
Papers point to usability and trust issues that can limit financial inclusion gains.
Mobile payment (380) · Mobile banking (81) · Payment (228) · Mobile phone (39)
Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion
Understanding user experience of mobile money services in emerging markets
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 633.6 |
| 2023 | 610.5 |
| 2024 | 762.5 |
| 2025 | 878.6 |
Cautions · 0613.2% of this theme group
Analyses discuss over‑reliance on machine learning and potential blind spots in fraud detection.
Accounting (63) · Money laundering (78) · Audit (50) · Credit card fraud (26)
A Review on Financial Fraud Detection using AI and Machine Learning
Use of Machine Learning in Financial Fraud Detection: A Review
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 2207.7 |
| 2023 | 2190.6 |
| 2024 | 2016.5 |
| 2025 | 1778.7 |
Cautions · 078.8% of this theme group
Research warns of cybersecurity and stability challenges posed by cryptocurrencies and blockchain.
Digital currency (124) · Blockchain (71) · Cryptocurrency (95) · Currency (78)
Cybersecurity and Blockchain for Secure Financial Transactions: Evaluating, Implementing, and Mitigating Risks of Digital Payments
Public Payment Systems in the Digital Era: Responding to the Financial Stability and Security-related Risks of Cryptocurrencies
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 801.9 |
| 2023 | 842.3 |
| 2024 | 890.0 |
| 2025 | 1127.0 |
Opportunities · 0128.3% of this theme group
Works explore new mathematical models and multi‑objective strategies for better asset allocation.
Portfolio (1,578) · Portfolio optimization (936) · Mathematical optimization (268) · Modern portfolio theory (157)
Application of portfolio optimization
The research on portfolio optimization model and strategy for multiple objectives
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 371.2 |
| 2023 | 354.5 |
| 2024 | 252.1 |
| 2025 | 358.7 |
Opportunities · 0217.8% of this theme group
Studies demonstrate improved credit‑card fraud identification using modern AI techniques.
Credit card fraud (265) · Credit card (252) · Financial fraud (77) · Computer security (173)
Credit Card Fraud Detection using Machine Learning Algorithms
Analyzing Credit Card Fraud Detection based on Machine Learning Models
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 47.3 |
| 2023 | 47.0 |
| 2024 | 47.7 |
| 2025 | 63.6 |
Opportunities · 0313.0% of this theme group
Research highlights fintech’s potential to boost inclusion and education in underserved populations.
FinTech (338) · Financial services (366) · Financial inclusion (210) · Financial literacy (128)
ROLE OF FINTECH IN FINANCIAL INCLUSION
The Role of Financial Technology (FinTech) in Advancing Financial Inclusion and Equity.
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 535.2 |
| 2023 | 588.5 |
| 2024 | 650.5 |
| 2025 | 1023.2 |
Opportunities · 0412.6% of this theme group
Papers propose secure, decentralized architectures to modernize digital payment infrastructures.
Payment (623) · Payment system (247) · Database transaction (146) · Payment service provider (64)
Blockchain Based Architecture and Solution for Secure Digital Payment System
Measuring payment system development
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 733.2 |
| 2023 | 686.3 |
| 2024 | 781.6 |
| 2025 | 930.9 |
Opportunities · 0512.1% of this theme group
Works examine new features and security models that drive consumer adoption of mobile payments.
Mobile payment (555) · Payment (363) · Mobile banking (87) · Mobile device (52)
Value Added Services and Adoption of Mobile Payments
Exploring Transaction Security on Consumers’ Willingness to Use Mobile Payment by Using the Technology Acceptance Model
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 633.6 |
| 2023 | 610.5 |
| 2024 | 762.5 |
| 2025 | 878.6 |
Opportunities · 0611.0% of this theme group
Research showcases sophisticated trading strategies powered by artificial intelligence and high‑frequency data.
Algorithmic trading (282) · Trading strategy (267) · High-frequency trading (109) · Pairs trade (68)
Algorithmic Trading and Financial Forecasting Using Advanced Artificial Intelligence Methodologies
Foreign exchange trading
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 32.4 |
| 2023 | 31.8 |
| 2024 | 25.0 |
| 2025 | 38.8 |
Opportunities · 075.3% of this theme group
Studies develop predictive models to improve loan risk assessment and default forecasting.
Credit risk (96) · Loan (65) · Credit score (19) · Probability of default (13)
Application Analysis of Credit Scoring of Financial Institutions Based on Machine Learning Model
Development Of Credit Scoring Model For Borrowers Using Machine Learning Techniques
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 254.2 |
| 2023 | 254.9 |
| 2024 | 182.2 |
| 2025 | 261.3 |
Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.
| Research orientation | This field | Reference sample |
|---|---|---|
| Promising | 32.2% | 37.3% |
| Descriptive | 25.3% | 17.5% |
| Problem-identifying | 22.7% | 9.6% |
| Cautionary | 10.2% | 4.6% |
| Breakthrough | 5.5% | 26.4% |
| Comparative | 3.0% | 3.7% |
| Critical | 1.1% | 1.0% |
Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.
| Concern / example paper | Papers | Share | Raised as a problem | Worldwide share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Privacy & surveillanceIncentives for Mobile Crowd Sensing: A Survey | 2,717 | 4.6% | 857 (31.5%) | 4.6% |
| Concentration of compute powerRent Seeking by Low-Latency Traders: Evidence from Trading on Macroeconomic Announcements | 102 | 0.17% | 50 (49.0%) | 0.17% |
| Bias & fairnessSocietal bias reinforcement through machine learning: a credit scoring perspective | 83 | 0.14% | 31 (37.3%) | 0.14% |
| Labour & data workMobile Money Taxation and Informal Workers: Evidence from Ghana’s E-Levy | 60 | 0.1% | 26 (43.3%) | 0.1% |
| Safety & misuseThe EU Response to Criminal Misuse of Cryptocurrencies: The Young, already Outdated 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive | 50 | 0.08% | 21 (42.0%) | 0.08% |
| Energy & datacenter footprintAn integrated model of financial technology adoption and environmental performance: The role of green innovation | 29 | 0.05% | 5 (17.2%) | 0.05% |
| Hardware, e-waste & supply chainMobile Phone Repair as a Strategy for Reducing E-Waste, Enhancing Data Privacy, and Promoting Digital Sustainability in | 3 | 0.01% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.01% |
| Carbon & emissions of computeRethinking portfolio design with sustainable AI and FinTech: dynamic spillovers in a quantile–frequency framework | 1 | 0.0% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% |
| Water use | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: worldwide. This may be broader than the company geography.
Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.
88.0% across the displayed hubs
9 companies hiring · $2.7B disclosed funding
Explore companies in Seoul ↗
6.0% across the displayed hubs
1 companies hiring · $1.5B disclosed funding
Explore companies in Seongnam-Si ↗
1.4% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Yeoksamdong ↗
1.1% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Daejeon ↗
1.1% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Anyang ↗
0.9% across the displayed hubs
1 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Incheon ↗
0.9% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $216.9K disclosed funding
Explore companies in Busan ↗
0.6% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Daegu ↗Clear definitions for making better comparisons.
It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.
No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.
A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.
Company ecosystem snapshot: 2 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.
Canonical landscape ↗