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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE SPAIN EDITION 2026

Spain’s
fintech industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping fintech in Spain. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Fintech Industry Landscape of Spain
ES
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Fintech illustration
Companies tracked 653Fintech ecosystem in Spain Disclosed funding $2.53B115 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 23With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 390 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore Spain’s fintech leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Fintech company highlights in Spain, snapshot 1 September 2026
Company
SeQurasequra.com$435.63M—270—
ID Financeidfinance.com$252.26M2 roles417—
Bravogobravo.io$236.78M———
NoviCapnovicap.com$213.69M—51—
Finalbionfinalbion.com$124.52M—50—
Payflowpayflow.es$97.46M—60—
Pagantispagantis.com$90.07M—129—
Booposboopos.com$88M—40—
FacePhifacephi.com—4 roles186—
Swipetswipet.es—4 roles——
Ginihginih.com—3 roles8—
Flanksflanks.io—2 roles28—
Heymondoheymondo.com—2 roles——
Mondo (Insurance)heymondo.es—2 roles39—
pont gruppontgrup.com—2 roles13—
Calculocalculo-sa.es——150—
Cetelemcetelem.es————
Finectfinect.com——41—
Fintonicfintonic.com——92—
Inariinari.io——50—
Indexa Capitalindexacapital.com——39—
MyInvestormyinvestor.es——90—
Neogetneo.com——23—
TaxDowntaxdown.es——132—
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only
THE KEY SIGNALS

Fintech industry KPIs in Spain

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

1 September 2026
Hiring participation3.5%

23 of 653 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation20.8%

136 of 653 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share36.5%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$2.2M

Midpoint of 206 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 36.5% of disclosed capital, while 79.2% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How Spain fintech has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

Spain fintech
$0$187.04M$374.09M$561.13M$748.18M2016: $23.95M20162017: $131.68M20172018: $32.24M20182019: $156.58M20192020: $94.8M20202021: $89.57M20212022: $523.19M20222023: $271.99M20232024: $656.3M20242025: $103.84M2025
View the numbers
Annual fintech funding and company formation in Spain
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$23.95M4310
2017$131.68M4513
2018$32.24M4710
2019$156.58M4424
2020$94.8M5915
2021$89.57M4026
2022$523.19M3019
2023$271.99M2127
2024$656.3M1120
2025$103.84M911
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • SeQura17.2%
  • ID Finance10.0%
  • Bravo9.3%
  • Other companies63.5%

Funding by stage

261 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel127 48.7%
Series A–B67 25.7%
Series C+ / PE4 1.5%
Grants, debt & other63 24.1%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
4 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series A04/2026
Fence $20M

Backed by Galaxy and ParaFi and others.

Conventional Debt03/2026
TaxDown $4.65M

Backed by BBVA.

Seed03/2026
Bcount $1.16M

Backed by Archipelago Next and Encomenda and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series B11/2022
Cobeecobee.io$41M

Backed by Octopus Ventures and Notion and others.

Series A10/2019
Bnextbnext.es$25M

Backed by DN Capital and Redalpine and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Expand panel +

Annual accounts availability

No reviewed exact national-ID connector has yet been qualified for Spain; this is a checked implementation boundary, not evidence that filings are absent.; No reviewed exact national-ID connector has yet been qualified for Spain; this is a checked implementation boundary, not evidence that filings are absent.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the Spain companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

39 of the 653 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (6%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 231,785 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
Openbankopenbank.es2,098,8615249.6%
TaxDowntaxdown.es1,483,5734872.7%
MyInvestormyinvestor.es1,376,7344521.7%
Rastreatorrastreator.com1,324,7585276.4%
Cetelemcetelem.es834,2965178%
PAYCOMETpaycomet.com603,5223943%
SeQurasequra.com589,4864673.2%
generali spaingenerali.es559,5534657.9%
Aciertoacierto.com546,7614273.6%
Aplazameaplazame.com400,2064185.6%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

114 of these companies (17.5%) publish at least one Android app — 211 apps in all, carrying 24.4M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
Fintonic | Ahorra y finánciateFintonic4.1M4.1Finance
Openbank | Banca onlineOpenbank2.1M3.7Finance
Blinkay - Smart Parking appBlinkay1.8M4.3Maps & Navigation
TaxDown Declaración Renta 2025TaxDown1.5M4.7Finance
Cetelem | Banca onlineCetelem1.5M4.4Finance
WiZink Bank, tu banco onlineWiZink1.2M3.3Finance
Creditea | Payments & CreditCreditea1.1M—Finance
Plazo: Card and loansPlazo933K—Finance
MI GENERALIgenerali spain796.7K—Finance
InOne: Financia tus comprasCaixaBank728.7K—Finance

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q2–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Alternative Lending179.1MFintonic | Ahorra y finánciate 4.1M
Payments596.7MBlinkay - Smart Parking app 1.8M
Investment Tech345.1MMyInvestor · Banco & Inversión 459.6K
Banking Tech214.1MOpenbank | Banca online 2.1M
Road Transport Tech63.6MBip&Drive Parking Parquímetro 622.2K
Finance & Accounting Tech92.7MTaxDown Declaración Renta 2025 1.5M
Internet First Insurance Platforms142.2MMI GENERALI 796.7K
Hrtech61.1MPayflow 509.4K

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2022Q4: 22022Q4: 02022Q42023Q1: 32023Q1: 02023Q12023Q2: 22023Q2: 12023Q22023Q4: 22023Q4: 22023Q42024Q3: 12024Q3: 52024Q32024Q4: 32024Q4: 62024Q42025Q1: 122025Q1: 82025Q12025Q2: 22025Q2: 42025Q22025Q3: 52025Q3: 572025Q32025Q4: 52025Q4: 142025Q42026Q1: 12026Q1: 302026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 116 of 211 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The Spain fintech market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Enterprise tech312
Consumer digital307
Enterprise software151
Nbfc lenders93
Saas65
Business payments solutions65
Marketplaces61
Commerce enablers55
Blockchain in financial services47
Fintech saas33
Online trading platforms32
Online business payments28

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Enterprise tech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

312companies
3.5%have hiring activity

11 companies hiring · $1.39B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Commission on transaction403
Subscription390
Fee-for-service180
E-commerce - service133
Lending48
E-commerce - product29
Advertising23
Physical commerce9
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Mergers & acquisitionspaynopain.com ↗

Euronet Worldwide (NASDAQ: EEFT), a global leader in payment processing and cross-border transactions, today announced it has entered into an agreement to acquire PaynoPain, a Spanish fintech company recognized for its digital-first, online payment solutions serving businesses of all sizes—from SMEs to large enterprises—across industries including e-commerce, hospitality, microfinance, and marketplace platforms.

Funding roundstaxdown.es ↗

In April 2025, it raised the same amount in equity from Madrid-based VC firm Bonsai Partners

Funding roundsgetneo.com ↗

MUFG, which led two funding rounds in Neo, including $48 million and $20 million investments.

Mergers & acquisitionsbankinterconsumerfinance.com ↗

With this merger, which must still be approved by the respective boards of directors and regulatory authorities, Bankinter aims to reorganize its operating model and gain strategic agility in an environment

Mergers & acquisitionsgenerali.es ↗

Carlos Escudero, CEO of Grupo Generali in Spain, said that "thanks to this operation, Generali is stronger and stronger, with greater competitive capacity and a wider presence throughout the country. Today we are in a better position to reach every customer, anywhere in Spain and through all channels, offering close and personalized advice."

Funding roundsdevengo.com ↗

A2A payment fintech Devengo raised a €2m pre-seed round backed by Spanish banks.

Mergers & acquisitionsopenbank.es ↗

Banco Santander announced Wednesday the merger of Openbank and Santander Consumer Finance, its global consumer business, into a single legal entity

Funding roundsneurofin.tech ↗

UNLEASH Capital has announced its lead investment in a $1.6 million seed funding round for Neurofin, a GenAI-first enterprise platform that is driving operations and compliance automation across India’s banking and financial services (BFSI) sector.

Mergers & acquisitionscodeoscopic.com ↗

Uplift has acquired a majority stake in Codeoscopic.

Mergers & acquisitionscetelem.es ↗

Strategic acquisition: takes over Cetelem

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 121 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Funding rounds
44
Leadership moves
26
Mergers & acquisitions
13
Contracts
9
Company announcements
8
Earnings
5
New products
5
Capital infusions
4
Regulatory
4
Lawsuit
1
5 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

7 tracked people moves

Flanks ↗
Nawaz Mucadam

Appointment Country Manager for the UK, Ireland and the Middle East

Insurama ↗
Ignacio Aguilar

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

ebroker ↗
Ana Sanchez

Appointment Director of Digital Strategy and Transformation

Inari ↗
Ignacio Martinez

Departure Previously Interim CEO

Inari ↗
Lisa Nunez Safarian

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

Inari ↗
Rob Dunlop

Appointment Chief Commercial Officer

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Openbank ↗
paid account

Financial Services

Tuio ↗
Integrated apps for insurance policies

Insurance distribution

Bizum ↗
digital wallet

payment

Andamur ↗
Andamur Connect

Feature

Workforce actions

1 companies with reported reductions

Neo ↗

5 rolescost reduction

Regulatory events

4 recorded events

Tuio ↗

Approved for usage on ChatGPTOpenAI

Hello Auto ↗

revocation of the administrative authorisationinsurance supervisor

Silbo Money ↗

approved to operate as electronic money entityBanco de España

approved to offer bank account information servicesBanco de España

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
euronet→Paynopain ↗Announced2026-04-16Not stated in snapshot
bankinter→Bankinter Consumer Finance ↗Announced2025-11-20Not stated in snapshot
generali spain→liberty segurosCompleted2025-11-18Not stated in snapshot
banco santander→Openbank ↗Announced2025-10-15Not stated in snapshot
Openbank→santander consumer financeAnnounced2025-10-15Not stated in snapshot
uplift→Codeoscopic ↗Announced2025-07-03Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

16 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 89-posting snapshot covers 57 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Dutch Speaking Banking Support Specialist4
Digital Insurance Project Manager Spanish Speaker (Fully Remote)3
Junior Paid Ads Campaign Specialist In Fintech3
Subject Matter Expert (Card Payments)2
Senior Sales Manager Emea – Travel Payments2
Sales Development Representative Fintech2
0 internship postings

6 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

27 postings specify a level.

unspecified
62
senior
12
entry
6
manager
5
lead
3
intern
1

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 89 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Kyc
11
Aml
7
Fintech
5
Tf
4
Excel
4
Sanctions
4
Agency Management Monitoring Tool
4
Banking
4
Payments
4
Dcf
4
THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

345 founders and chief executives across 246 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

39 profiles with education records.

Harvard Business School
6
IESE Business School
5
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
5
Universitat de Barcelona
4
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4
IE Business School
3
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
3
University of Manchester
2

Prior employers

13 profiles with prior-work records.

Boston Consulting Group
3
Morgan Stanley
2
McKinsey
2
Goldman Sachs
2
Microsoft
1
Cisco
1
Bain
1
Apple
1

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

319,422 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
319,422articles in the measured year
53,152articles in 2026Q1
42.2%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Fintech coverage across Spain · articles per complete quarter

046,65493,308139,962186,6162021Q2: 45,5632021Q22021Q3: 49,8992021Q4: 40,4572022Q1: 45,8472022Q2: 50,6512022Q22022Q3: 51,9002022Q4: 63,1182023Q1: 64,1562023Q2: 60,3252023Q22023Q3: 68,7102023Q4: 54,1502024Q1: 66,6722024Q2: 78,2212024Q22024Q3: 84,3062024Q4: 81,5112025Q1: 97,5902025Q2: 66,9092025Q22025Q3: 162,2752025Q4: 42,9512026Q1: 53,1522026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q245,563
2021Q349,899
2021Q440,457
2022Q145,847
2022Q250,651
2022Q351,900
2022Q463,118
2023Q164,156
2023Q260,325
2023Q368,710
2023Q454,150
2024Q166,672
2024Q278,221
2024Q384,306
2024Q481,511
2025Q197,590
2025Q266,909
2025Q3162,275
2025Q442,951
2026Q153,152

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
73,617 positive · 33,424 neutral · 38,177 negative
2022
107,670 positive · 51,592 neutral · 51,906 negative
2023
127,951 positive · 64,561 neutral · 54,469 negative
2024
146,570 positive · 99,423 neutral · 64,049 negative
2025
155,950 positive · 152,592 neutral · 60,694 negative

Leading coverage topics

Fintech coverage across Spain · ranked by full-period article count.

International And Transnational Geographic Entities65,259 articles in the full recorded period
108,142 recent · 81,436 prior
Geopolitical Disputes And Contested Areas65,257 articles in the full recorded period
108,139 recent · 81,434 prior
Administrative And Political Subdivisions65,249 articles in the full recorded period
108,128 recent · 81,429 prior
International Sports Competitions8,517 articles in the full recorded period
6,738 recent · 10,251 prior
Sports History And Legacy Stories5,594 articles in the full recorded period
19,510 recent · 2,566 prior
Professional League Updates5,153 articles in the full recorded period
5,089 recent · 4,981 prior
Sportsmanship And Ethics In Sports5,092 articles in the full recorded period
18,560 recent · 1,337 prior
Olympic Games Coverage3,833 articles in the full recorded period
2,047 recent · 5,623 prior
Championship Event Highlights3,506 articles in the full recorded period
3,228 recent · 4,187 prior
Athlete Transfer Rumors3,443 articles in the full recorded period
3,553 recent · 3,244 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

Fintech coverage across Spain

KeywordRecentPriorChange
countries4,2501,920121%
women\'s champions league76053243%
geopolitical alliances75940289%
foreign policy analysis623192224%
diplomatic strategies51331662%
fire impact study511142260%
multilateral diplomacy511174194%
extreme temperature advisory389128204%
wildfire control365113223%
prolonged high temperatures353120194%
europa league5751,683-66%
olympic trials1681,596-89%
olympic team selections2361,428-83%
ronaldo5841,080-46%
final match3461,061-67%

Event and signal lenses

Fintech coverage across Spain

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

127,955 classified articles

territories, disputed islands, countries

13.0% critical · 11.8% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

9,130 classified articles

club valuation, quarterfinals, world cup

32.3% critical · 44.5% positive
Rising

Growth

18,978 classified articles

gdp growth rate, league expansion news, gdp acceleration

26.7% critical · 48.2% positive

Fintech coverage across Spain. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Fintech research is working on

13,825 papers in the recorded worldwide scope.

Expand panel +
13,825papers
13,825worldwide comparison pool
—India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Promising
4,450
Descriptive
3,501
Problem-identifying
3,141
Cautionary
1,411
Breakthrough
754
Comparative
414
Critical
154

Contribution mix

Empirical
8,354
Reviews
2,307
Position pieces
1,635
Methods-led
1,361
Theoretical
168

Tone counts: 12,714 positive · 252 neutral · 859 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
3,295 papers · 23.8% of this field
  • Financial services1,723 papers
  • FinTech1,301 papers
  • Financial inclusion570 papers
  • Payment489 papers
  • Government245 papers
  • Financial literacy205 papers
  • Cryptocurrency201 papers
  • Investment172 papers

Landmark: The digital revolution in financial inclusion: international development in the fintech era

Cautions
1,411 papers · 10.2% of this field
  • Financial services670 papers
  • FinTech538 papers
  • Financial inclusion348 papers
  • Payment283 papers
  • Financial literacy129 papers
  • Mobile payment102 papers
  • Digital currency95 papers
  • Investment91 papers

Landmark: Blockchain Technology in Finance

Opportunities
5,204 papers · 37.6% of this field
  • Financial services2,148 papers
  • FinTech1,839 papers
  • Financial inclusion1,123 papers
  • Financial literacy786 papers
  • Payment749 papers
  • Database transaction382 papers
  • Investment314 papers
  • Mobile payment301 papers

Landmark: On the Fintech Revolution: Interpreting the Forces of Innovation, Disruption, and Transformation in Financial Services

Leading institutions

UNSW Sydney
743
University of Manchester
727
University of York
716
University of the West of England
716
Universidad de Zaragoza
685
Columbia University
667

Leading researchers

Robert J. Kauffman
1,822
Peter Gomber
1,821
Chris Parker
1,821
Bruce W. Weber
1,821
Daniela Gabor
716
Sally Brooks
716
Itay Goldstein
621
Wei Jiang
621

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • On the Fintech Revolution: Interpreting the Forces of Innovation, Disruption, and Transformation in Financial Services1,820 citations
  • Intention to use analytical artificial intelligence (AI) in services – the effect of technology readiness and awareness370 citations
  • The FinTech phenomenon: antecedents of financial innovation perceived by the popular press240 citations
  • FinTech ecosystem practices shaping financial inclusion: the case of mobile money in Ghana116 citations
  • CBDC, Fintech and cryptocurrency for financial inclusion and financial stability100 citations

Common problems researchers identify

10,570 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Financial Inclusion ChallengesCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Financial Inclusion Challenges

1,447 papers

24.1% of this theme group

Researchers discuss how fintech impacts access to services and the obstacles to broader financial inclusion.

FinTech (679) · Financial services (885) · Financial inclusion (269) · Financial innovation (90)

Enriching Financial Inclusion through Fintech

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE BANKING SYSTEM: PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN FINTECH COMPANIES AND BANKS

View research history
YearShare index
2022535.2
2023588.5
2024650.5
20251023.2
Payment System LimitationsCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Payment System Limitations

1,364 papers

22.7% of this theme group

Papers highlight cost, security, and regulatory issues that hinder electronic payment adoption.

Payment (1,251) · Payment system (509) · Payment service provider (217) · Settlement (86)

Better than Cash, but Beware the Costs: Electronic Payments Systems and Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS

View research history
YearShare index
2022590.9
2023562.2
2024710.5
2025799.0
Mobile Payment Adoption BarriersCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Mobile Payment Adoption Barriers

1,149 papers

19.1% of this theme group

Studies examine user acceptance, technology constraints, and contextual factors affecting mobile payments.

Mobile payment (869) · Mobile banking (220) · Mobile business development (111) · Mobile phone (135)

User Acceptance Testing of Mobile Payment in Various Scenarios

Exploring Determinants Influencing the Intention to Use Mobile Payment Service

View research history
YearShare index
202277.6
202383.0
202482.8
2025139.8
Credit Card Fraud ConcernsCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Credit Card Fraud Concerns

692 papers

11.5% of this theme group

Works focus on detection methods and the persistence of fraudulent activity in card transactions.

Credit card fraud (107) · Credit card (118) · Financial fraud (43) · Computer security (107)

Machine Learning for Credit Card Fraud Detection

Credit Card Fraud Detection and Analysis

View research history
YearShare index
202247.3
202347.0
202447.7
202563.6
Algorithmic Trading RisksCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Algorithmic Trading Risks

585 papers

9.8% of this theme group

Research points to market impact, regulatory gaps, and insider‑trading vulnerabilities in high‑frequency trading.

Algorithmic trading (222) · High-frequency trading (148) · Alternative trading system (140) · Insider trading (79)

High-Frequency Trading and Its Impact on Markets

High-Frequency Trading: A Regulatory Strategy

View research history
YearShare index
202219.5
202320.0
202418.3
202531.1
Portfolio Optimization DifficultiesCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Portfolio Optimization Difficulties

404 papers

6.7% of this theme group

Authors address computational complexity and model uncertainty in modern portfolio construction.

Portfolio (386) · Portfolio optimization (163) · Modern portfolio theory (70) · Post-modern portfolio theory (46)

Machine Learning Optimization Algorithms & Portfolio Allocation

Portfolio Optimization: New Challenges and Perspectives

View research history
YearShare index
2022315.6
2023306.6
2024225.8
2025345.9
Money‑Laundering Compliance IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Money‑Laundering Compliance Issues

359 papers

6.0% of this theme group

Literature explores legal, data‑privacy, and enforcement challenges in combating financial crime.

Money laundering (320) · Terrorism (65) · Accounting (54) · Compliance (44)

National and international anti-money laundering law : developing the architecture of criminal justice, regulation and data protection

Balancing anti-money laundering measures and financial inclusion

View research history
YearShare index
20221897.3
20231880.1
20241584.8
20251002.7

Cautions

3,742 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Fintech Regulation for InclusionCautions · 01

Fintech Regulation for Inclusion

756 papers

20.2% of this theme group

Cautionary studies stress the need for oversight to balance innovation with systemic stability.

FinTech (412) · Financial services (449) · Financial inclusion (227) · Financial innovation (65)

The Role of Fintech Technology in Improving Financial Inclusion and Financial System Stability

Advancing Financial Inclusion through FinTech: A Regulatory Insight into Emerging Industry Practices

View research history
YearShare index
2022535.2
2023588.5
2024650.5
20251023.2
High‑Frequency Trading OversightCautions · 02

High‑Frequency Trading Oversight

579 papers

15.5% of this theme group

Analyses warn about market quality effects and call for stronger regulatory frameworks.

Algorithmic trading (254) · High-frequency trading (153) · Alternative trading system (102) · Trading strategy (117)

High Frequency Trading and Its Impact on Market Quality

Implementing High Frequency Trading Regulation: A Critical Analysis of Current Reforms

View research history
YearShare index
202219.5
202320.0
202418.3
202531.1
Payment Policy ImplicationsCautions · 03

Payment Policy Implications

565 papers

15.1% of this theme group

Research examines how payment reforms influence consumer behavior and system fairness.

Payment (536) · Payment system (180) · Reimbursement (36) · Prospective payment system (34)

Hospital response to a new case-based payment system in China: the patient selection effect

Payments transition in India – consumer preferences and policy shifts

View research history
YearShare index
2022598.5
2023567.6
2024714.6
2025803.0
Portfolio Model RiskCautions · 04

Portfolio Model Risk

522 papers

13.9% of this theme group

Papers discuss statistical uncertainties and the potential for mis‑specification in optimization models.

Portfolio (494) · Portfolio optimization (203) · Diversification (105) · Econometrics (109)

Model Risk in Portfolio Optimization

Optimization of portfolio management based on vector autoregression models and multivariate volatility models

View research history
YearShare index
2022318.1
2023308.9
2024228.0
2025346.6
Mobile Money User ExperienceCautions · 05

Mobile Money User Experience

496 papers

13.3% of this theme group

Studies highlight usability and trust issues that affect adoption in emerging markets.

Mobile payment (380) · Mobile banking (81) · Payment (228) · Mobile phone (39)

Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion

Understanding user experience of mobile money services in emerging markets

View research history
YearShare index
2022633.6
2023610.5
2024762.5
2025878.6
Financial Fraud Detection LimitsCautions · 06

Financial Fraud Detection Limits

495 papers

13.2% of this theme group

Reviews point out challenges in applying machine learning reliably across diverse fraud types.

Accounting (63) · Money laundering (78) · Audit (50) · Credit card fraud (26)

A Review on Financial Fraud Detection using AI and Machine Learning

Use of Machine Learning in Financial Fraud Detection: A Review

View research history
YearShare index
20222207.7
20232190.6
20242016.5
20251778.7
Digital Currency Security RisksCautions · 07

Digital Currency Security Risks

329 papers

8.8% of this theme group

Works assess cybersecurity threats and stability concerns surrounding blockchain‑based payments.

Digital currency (124) · Blockchain (71) · Cryptocurrency (95) · Currency (78)

Cybersecurity and Blockchain for Secure Financial Transactions: Evaluating, Implementing, and Mitigating Risks of Digital Payments

Public Payment Systems in the Digital Era: Responding to the Financial Stability and Security-related Risks of Cryptocurrencies

View research history
YearShare index
2022801.9
2023842.3
2024890.0
20251127.0

Opportunities

28,937 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

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Advanced Portfolio OptimizationOpportunities · 01

Advanced Portfolio Optimization

1,697 papers

28.3% of this theme group

Research proposes new mathematical techniques to improve multi‑objective portfolio performance.

Portfolio (1,578) · Portfolio optimization (936) · Mathematical optimization (268) · Modern portfolio theory (157)

Application of portfolio optimization

The research on portfolio optimization model and strategy for multiple objectives

View research history
YearShare index
2022371.2
2023354.5
2024252.1
2025358.7
Machine‑Learning Fraud PreventionOpportunities · 02

Machine‑Learning Fraud Prevention

1,066 papers

17.8% of this theme group

Studies showcase algorithms that enhance detection of credit‑card fraud and related crimes.

Credit card fraud (265) · Credit card (252) · Financial fraud (77) · Computer security (173)

Credit Card Fraud Detection using Machine Learning Algorithms

Analyzing Credit Card Fraud Detection based on Machine Learning Models

View research history
YearShare index
202247.3
202347.0
202447.7
202563.6
Fintech for Financial LiteracyOpportunities · 03

Fintech for Financial Literacy

778 papers

13.0% of this theme group

Papers explore how technology can expand knowledge and equity in underserved populations.

FinTech (338) · Financial services (366) · Financial inclusion (210) · Financial literacy (128)

ROLE OF FINTECH IN FINANCIAL INCLUSION

The Role of Financial Technology (FinTech) in Advancing Financial Inclusion and Equity.

View research history
YearShare index
2022535.2
2023588.5
2024650.5
20251023.2
Blockchain‑Enabled PaymentsOpportunities · 04

Blockchain‑Enabled Payments

756 papers

12.6% of this theme group

Research investigates secure, decentralized architectures for next‑generation digital payment systems.

Payment (623) · Payment system (247) · Database transaction (146) · Payment service provider (64)

Blockchain Based Architecture and Solution for Secure Digital Payment System

Measuring payment system development

View research history
YearShare index
2022733.2
2023686.3
2024781.6
2025930.9
Mobile Payment Value‑Added ServicesOpportunities · 05

Mobile Payment Value‑Added Services

723 papers

12.1% of this theme group

Works examine additional features and security models that drive consumer willingness to adopt mobile payments.

Mobile payment (555) · Payment (363) · Mobile banking (87) · Mobile device (52)

Value Added Services and Adoption of Mobile Payments

Exploring Transaction Security on Consumers’ Willingness to Use Mobile Payment by Using the Technology Acceptance Model

View research history
YearShare index
2022633.6
2023610.5
2024762.5
2025878.6
AI‑Driven Algorithmic TradingOpportunities · 06

AI‑Driven Algorithmic Trading

661 papers

11.0% of this theme group

Studies highlight sophisticated forecasting and strategy design using artificial intelligence in trading.

Algorithmic trading (282) · Trading strategy (267) · High-frequency trading (109) · Pairs trade (68)

Algorithmic Trading and Financial Forecasting Using Advanced Artificial Intelligence Methodologies

Foreign exchange trading

View research history
YearShare index
202232.4
202331.8
202425.0
202538.8
Machine‑Learning Credit ScoringOpportunities · 07

Machine‑Learning Credit Scoring

319 papers

5.3% of this theme group

Research presents predictive models that improve loan risk assessment and default probability estimation.

Credit risk (96) · Loan (65) · Credit score (19) · Probability of default (13)

Application Analysis of Credit Scoring of Financial Institutions Based on Machine Learning Model

Development Of Credit Scoring Model For Borrowers Using Machine Learning Techniques

View research history
YearShare index
2022254.2
2023254.9
2024182.2
2025261.3

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Promising32.2%37.1%
Descriptive25.3%17.6%
Problem-identifying22.7%9.5%
Cautionary10.2%4.4%
Breakthrough5.5%26.3%
Comparative3.0%4.1%
Critical1.1%1.0%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceIncentives for Mobile Crowd Sensing: A Survey2,7174.6%857 (31.5%)4.6%
Concentration of compute powerRent Seeking by Low-Latency Traders: Evidence from Trading on Macroeconomic Announcements1020.17%50 (49.0%)0.17%
Bias & fairnessSocietal bias reinforcement through machine learning: a credit scoring perspective830.14%31 (37.3%)0.14%
Labour & data workMobile Money Taxation and Informal Workers: Evidence from Ghana’s E-Levy600.1%26 (43.3%)0.1%
Safety & misuseThe EU Response to Criminal Misuse of Cryptocurrencies: The Young, already Outdated 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive500.08%21 (42.0%)0.08%
Energy & datacenter footprintAn integrated model of financial technology adoption and environmental performance: The role of green innovation290.05%5 (17.2%)0.05%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainMobile Phone Repair as a Strategy for Reducing E-Waste, Enhancing Data Privacy, and Promoting Digital Sustainability in 30.01%0 (0.0%)0.01%
Carbon & emissions of computeRethinking portfolio design with sustainable AI and FinTech: dynamic spillovers in a quantile–frequency framework10.0%0 (0.0%)0.0%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: worldwide. This may be broader than the company geography.

GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT

Where companies are based

Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.

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UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Fintech in Spain: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put Spain in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 1 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon