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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE THE UNITED STATES EDITION 2026

the United States’s
hydrogen and fuel cells industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping hydrogen and fuel cells in the United States. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Industry Landscape of the United States
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells illustration
Companies tracked 297Hydrogen and Fuel Cells ecosystem in the United States Disclosed funding $14.34B137 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 33With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 921 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore the United States’s hydrogen and fuel cells leaders

20 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells company highlights in the United States, snapshot 4 September 2026
Company
Plug Powerplugpower.com$2.1B12 roles2,449Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Monolithmonolith-corp.com$1.63B—97—
Bloom Energybloomenergy.com$1.21B12 roles376$1.27BFYFY2023 filing
LanzaTechlanzatech.com$953.23M—367$55.84MFYFY2025 filing
Electric Hydrogeneh2.com$702.65M4 roles146—
Red Rock Biofuelsredrockbio.com$697.85M—13—
Twelvetwelve.co$527.34M—232—
Kolomakoloma.com$433.96M3 roles——
Air Productsairproducts.com—10 roles14$12.04BFYFY2025 filing
Johnson Mattheycatacel.com—6 roles——
Ohmiumohmium.com—5 roles400Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Trulitetrulitetech.com—5 roles5—
Aemetisaemetis.com——233$197.63MFYFY2025 filing
Ballardballard.com——1,296—
FuelCell Energyfuelcellenergy.com——591$158.16MFYFY2025 filing
HyAxiomhyaxiom.com——254—
Hyzon Motorshyzonmotors.com——91—
ReliOnrelion-inc.com——1,564Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
SunHydrogensunhydrogen.com——7—
ZeroAviazeroavia.com——200—
20 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only

Explore the live startup set in Radar

No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.

Explore classified startups in Radar ↗
THE KEY SIGNALS

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells industry KPIs in the United States

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

4 September 2026
Hiring participation11.1%

33 of 297 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation50.8%

151 of 297 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share34.5%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$2.15M

Midpoint of 405 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 34.5% of disclosed capital, while 49.2% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How the United States hydrogen and fuel cells has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

the United States hydrogen and fuel cells
$0$1.01B$2.01B$3.02B$4.02B2016: $123.49M20162017: $136.52M20172018: $299.23M20182019: $301.95M20192020: $973.43M20202021: $3.53B20212022: $3.08B20222023: $1.37B20232024: $1.02B20242025: $475.43M2025
View the numbers
Annual hydrogen and fuel cells funding and company formation in the United States
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$123.49M815
2017$136.52M1518
2018$299.23M1522
2019$301.95M1621
2020$973.43M2027
2021$3.53B3433
2022$3.08B2636
2023$1.37B2027
2024$1.02B836
2025$475.43M135
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Plug Power14.7%
  • Monolith11.4%
  • Bloom Energy8.4%
  • Other companies65.5%

Funding by stage

475 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel91 19.2%
Series A–B119 25.1%
Series C+ / PE45 9.5%
Grants, debt & other220 46.3%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
4 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Seed05/2026
Celadyne $250K

Backed by The University of Texas at Austin.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series C04/2023
Ohmiumohmium.com$250M

Backed by Hanover Technology Investment Management and Energy Transition Ventures and others.

Series B02/2024
Kolomakoloma.com$245.7M

Backed by Khosla Ventures and Breakthrough Energy and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 5 reporting entities from 10 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not the United States market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 5 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 5 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

5 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
THE UNITED STATES · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does hydrogen and fuel cells compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The the United States hydrogen and fuel cells market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Enterprise tech274
Deep tech238
Hydrogen production94
Circular economy51
Consumer digital35
Waste to energy28
Long duration energy storage24
Green transport24
Geoengineering20
Carbon capture and offset20
Enterprise software20
Co2 to fuel19

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Enterprise tech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

274companies
11.7%have hiring activity

32 companies hiring · $14.11B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Physical commerce236
E-commerce - product65
Fee-for-service31
Commission on transaction26
Subscription20
E-commerce - service14
Advertising13
Licensing1
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
IPO activityplugpower.com ↗

Plug Power IPO'd in 1999 but its lack of profitability has led to a 98% decline since going public.

Funding roundslanzatech.com ↗

In 2025, the company secured a €40 million (~$48 million) award from the EU Innovation Fund, pending final agreement, alongside £6.4 million (~$8.8 million) from the UK’s Advanced Fuels Fund to support carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) initiatives and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) development.

Funding roundsaetherfuels.com ↗

Sustainable fuels technology company Aether Fuels announced it has raised $15 million in convertible note financing, with proceeds aimed at accelerating the development of its first commercial-scale sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) facility in Singapore.

Funding roundsbloomenergy.com ↗

Initial investments include funding up to $5 billion of advanced fuel cells by Bloom Energy to provide power solutions to AI data centers and launching Radiant, a cloud services company that will build AI factories (specialized AI data centers).

IPO activityfuelcellenergy.com ↗

FuelCell Energy (NASDAQ:FCEL): Carbonate fuel cell technology developer FuelCell Energy (NASDAQ:FCEL) fell by 9.8% on Wednesday after the company filed for a common stock offering of up to $200 million

Funding roundszeroavia.com ↗

ZeroAvia, an electric aviation startup developing hydrogen fuel‑cell engines, announced additional funding led by climate‑focused investors on Dec. 22.

Funding roundsamogy.co ↗

Amogy, a provider of mature, scalable, and highly efficient ammonia-to-power solutions, today announced a $15 million strategic investment by GS Engineering and Construction (GS E&C), a leading South Korean engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) firm.

Mergers & acquisitionsambientfuels.com ↗

expand its ability to partner with customers on co-development of hydrogen projects and provide dedicated capital resources where appropriate.

Funding roundsadvent.energy ↗

On August 28, 2025, Advent Technologies Holdings, Inc. entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Hudson Global Ventures LLC, resulting in a loan of $418,000 evidenced by a Convertible Promissory Note.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 776 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Earnings
186
Company announcements
127
Leadership moves
117
Contracts
106
Funding rounds
86
Board Updates
51
Mergers & acquisitions
24
Capital infusions
19
Asset acquisitions
19
Job creation
17
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

20 tracked people moves

Plug Power ↗
Jose Luis Crespo

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

Christian Mohrdieck

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

Ballard ↗
Ralph Robinett

Appointment Chief Operating Officer

Ballard ↗
Mircea Gradu

Appointment Chief Engineering Officer

Simon Edwards

Appointment Chief Financial Officer

Plug Power ↗
Andy Marsh

Appointment Chairman of Plug’s Board of Directors

David Bow

Appointment Chief Strategy Officer

Advent ↗
Chris Antonopoulos

Appointment Board Member

Regulatory events

6 recorded events

Plug Power ↗

approved for share doublingCommission

Plug Power ↗

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Infinium ↗

approved for virtual bank licenseHong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA)

approved for spin-off

Litigation

9 tracked suits

Company
Shareholder v plug power

securities class actionClass Action · Filed

Company
pomerantz llp v plug power

securities violations and misleading statementsClass Action · Filed

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

13companies
191period observations
32.5%median reported growth

Median across 128 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
Electric Hydrogen→Ambient Fuels ↗Completed2025-09-08Not stated in snapshot
zeo energy→Heliogen ↗Completed2025-08-22Not stated in snapshot
Hudson Global Ventures→Advent ↗Announced2025-08-14$52.0M
Horizon Fuel Cell Group→Hyzon Motors ↗Announced2025-08-08Not stated in snapshot
Honeywell International Inc→Nexceris ↗Announced2025-07-15Not stated in snapshot
centric→Twelve ↗Announced2025-06-17Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

576 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 1,101-posting snapshot covers 43 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Project Coordinator (Spare Parts) Oil And Gas11
Project Engineer9
Care Coordinator9
Project Manager7
Field Service Technician – Skillbridge Opportunity7
Process Engineer7
0 internship postings

4 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

291 postings specify a level.

unspecified
810
manager
118
senior
87
intern
57
lead
27
entry
2

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 1,101 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Excel
25
Iot
17
Sql
14
Powerpoint
13
Electrochemistry
12
Microsoft Office
11
C#
8
Python
8
Word
7
Co2
7
ADVERTISED PAY$105.0K/ year

Median across 107 postings with pay data, expressed in USD.

THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

248 founders and chief executives across 165 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

64 profiles with education records.

Stanford University
24
Harvard University
12
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
10
Stanford Business School
6
Harvard Business School
5
Cornell University
4
University of Toronto
2
Carnegie Mellon University
2

Prior employers

12 profiles with prior-work records.

Google
3
McKinsey
2
Apple
2
Bain
2
Morgan Stanley
1
Intel
1
Goldman Sachs
1
Boston Consulting Group
1

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

396,039 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
396,039articles in the measured year
103,216articles in 2026Q1
70.9%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells coverage across United States · articles per complete quarter

040,81981,638122,457163,2762021Q2: 85,8462021Q22021Q3: 84,7982021Q4: 74,7892022Q1: 75,8542022Q2: 71,8952022Q22022Q3: 75,8322022Q4: 76,5462023Q1: 82,6622023Q2: 96,0922023Q22023Q3: 89,2362023Q4: 85,9272024Q1: 93,6082024Q2: 93,3392024Q22024Q3: 99,0322024Q4: 99,4132025Q1: 141,9792025Q2: 91,0002025Q22025Q3: 114,9212025Q4: 80,9742026Q1: 103,2162026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q285,846
2021Q384,798
2021Q474,789
2022Q175,854
2022Q271,895
2022Q375,832
2022Q476,546
2023Q182,662
2023Q296,092
2023Q389,236
2023Q485,927
2024Q193,608
2024Q293,339
2024Q399,032
2024Q499,413
2025Q1141,979
2025Q291,000
2025Q3114,921
2025Q480,974
2026Q1103,216

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
177,165 positive · 3,283 neutral · 80,809 negative
2022
210,569 positive · 3,509 neutral · 85,749 negative
2023
257,025 positive · 3,318 neutral · 93,281 negative
2024
280,195 positive · 3,703 neutral · 101,170 negative
2025
303,764 positive · 4,409 neutral · 120,271 negative

Leading coverage topics

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells coverage across United States · ranked by full-period article count.

Covid 19 Vaccine Development And Efficacy Trials32,616 articles in the full recorded period
3,475 recent · 763 prior
Artificial Intelligence Advancements32,181 articles in the full recorded period
12,544 recent · 8,935 prior
Solar Photovoltaic (Pv) Energy Systems32,119 articles in the full recorded period
7,726 recent · 7,341 prior
New Product Launches And Innovations23,309 articles in the full recorded period
6,734 recent · 5,557 prior
Renewable Energy Sources And Technologies20,357 articles in the full recorded period
3,770 recent · 3,798 prior
Covid 19 Vaccination Campaigns And Rollout Strategies20,336 articles in the full recorded period
2,291 recent · 400 prior
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies20,187 articles in the full recorded period
3,379 recent · 3,423 prior
Lunar And Martian Exploration Missions18,790 articles in the full recorded period
7,142 recent · 3,296 prior
Strategic Partnerships And Collaborations17,434 articles in the full recorded period
5,296 recent · 4,093 prior
Offshore Wind Energy Development15,526 articles in the full recorded period
3,450 recent · 3,064 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells coverage across United States

KeywordRecentPriorChange
artemis program3,7162411442%
vaccine candidates2,939649353%
vaccine trials2,710640323%
vaccination campaigns2,604472452%
vaccine immunogenicity2,299520342%
mass vaccination sites1,927219780%
cloud infrastructure1,65094375%
vaccination coverage1,482168782%
vaccine effectiveness study1,355180653%
covid-19 vaccine development1,293206528%
solar hydrogen7671,147-33%
drone defense587982-40%
faa drone rules401899-55%
drone airspace rules391883-56%
anti-drone system479748-36%

Event and signal lenses

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells coverage across United States

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

368,550 classified articles

ai regulation compliance, clean energy mandates, responsible ai

59.2% critical · 36.9% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

112,540 classified articles

satellite telecommunication, solar electricity generation, satellite ground stations

54.2% critical · 50.8% positive
Rising

Growth

146,559 classified articles

dc fast-charging deployment, charging corridor development, solar electricity generation

48.8% critical · 49.0% positive

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells coverage across United States. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research is working on

4,853 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
4,853papers
50,713worldwide comparison pool
4,853India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Promising
2,054
Breakthrough
1,457
Descriptive
488
Problem-identifying
373
Comparative
254
Cautionary
199
Critical
28

Contribution mix

Methods-led
2,110
Empirical
2,019
Reviews
549
Position pieces
150
Theoretical
25

Tone counts: 4,602 positive · 182 neutral · 69 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
401 papers · 8.3% of this field
  • Hydrogen production181 papers
  • Hydrogen117 papers
  • Renewable energy95 papers
  • Production70 papers
  • Hydrogen economy59 papers
  • Hydrogen technologies50 papers
  • Fossil fuel45 papers
  • Electrolysis43 papers

Landmark: Hydrogen production from water electrolysis: role of catalysts

Cautions
199 papers · 4.1% of this field
  • Hydrogen production90 papers
  • Hydrogen62 papers
  • Catalysis28 papers
  • Production27 papers
  • Electrolysis23 papers
  • Renewable energy17 papers
  • Greenhouse gas14 papers
  • Electrolysis of water13 papers

Landmark: Using hematite for photoelectrochemical water splitting: a review of current progress and challenges

Opportunities
3,511 papers · 72.3% of this field
  • Hydrogen production1,373 papers
  • Catalysis1,029 papers
  • Hydrogen850 papers
  • Photocatalysis452 papers
  • Electrolysis389 papers
  • Water splitting364 papers
  • Renewable energy237 papers
  • Methane231 papers

Landmark: Recent Trends and Perspectives in Electrochemical Water Splitting with an Emphasis on Sulfide, Selenide, and Phosphide Catalysts of Fe, Co,

Leading institutions

California Institute of Technology
15,238
Stanford University
14,225
Pennsylvania State University
11,755
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
9,293
University of California, Berkeley
6,395
Brookhaven National Laboratory
5,171

Leading researchers

Bruce E. Logan
4,527
Charles C. L. McCrory
4,025
Nathan S. Lewis
4,018
Douglas F. Call
3,962
Jesse D. Benck
3,912
Suho Jung
3,898
Ivonne M. Ferrer
3,898
Shawn Chatman
3,898

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • Atomic cobalt on nitrogen-doped graphene for hydrogen generation1,584 citations
  • Efficient Water Oxidation Using Nanostructured α-Nickel-Hydroxide as an Electrocatalyst1,309 citations
  • Self-Doped Ti<sup>3+</sup> Enhanced Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production under Visible Light1,256 citations
  • BCN Graphene as Efficient Metal‐Free Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction1,224 citations
  • Highly Active Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles1,210 citations

Common problems researchers identify

386 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Broad Hydrogen Economy ChallengesCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Broad Hydrogen Economy Challenges

93 papers

24.1% of this theme group

Researchers highlight systemic barriers to integrating hydrogen across energy sectors and transitioning from fossil fuels.

Hydrogen economy (45) · Hydrogen technologies (33) · Fossil fuel (30) · Renewable energy (36)

An Overview of Challenges for the Future of Hydrogen

Hydrogen and the Global Energy Transition—Path to Sustainability and Adoption across All Economic Sectors

View research history
YearShare index
2022226.0
2023240.2
2024173.3
2025214.3
Production Safety and Efficiency IssuesCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Production Safety and Efficiency Issues

70 papers

18.1% of this theme group

Papers flag safety risks and low efficiency in current hydrogen generation methods, especially photocatalytic routes.

Hydrogen production (62) · Production (37) · Hydrogen (38) · Sulfuric acid (3)

Photocatalytic hydrogen production

Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Hydrogen: From Production to Application in Energy Systems

View research history
YearShare index
2022347.8
2023382.6
2024403.4
2025423.0
Renewable‑Based Production ConstraintsCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Renewable‑Based Production Constraints

60 papers

15.5% of this theme group

Studies point to technical and logistical limits of scaling renewable hydrogen via electrolysis, storage, and transport.

Renewable energy (25) · Natural gas (9) · Pipeline transport (5) · Greenhouse gas (10)

Perspectives on Low-Temperature Electrolysis and Potential for Renewable Hydrogen at Scale

Roadmap Toward the Production, Storage, Transportation, and Applications of Green Hydrogen

View research history
YearShare index
20221088.6
20231167.2
20241115.3
20251395.7
Catalytic Reforming and Biomass BarriersCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Catalytic Reforming and Biomass Barriers

55 papers

14.2% of this theme group

Authors discuss energy‑intensive reforming processes and challenges of biomass conversion for hydrogen feedstock.

Steam reforming (14) · Syngas (9) · Biomass (12) · Methane (9)

Energy‐Efficient Syngas Production through Catalytic Oxy‐Methane Reforming Reactions

Review on Catalytic Biomass Gasification for Hydrogen Production as a Sustainable Energy Form and Social, Technological, Economic, Environme

View research history
YearShare index
202290.7
202397.1
202490.5
202597.3
Membrane Electrolysis LimitationsCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Membrane Electrolysis Limitations

41 papers

10.6% of this theme group

Research identifies durability and performance gaps in PEM water electrolysis and related fuel‑cell membranes.

Electrolysis (23) · Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (14) · Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis (10) · Electrolysis of water (16)

Membrane Strategies for Water Electrolysis

Anode Engineering for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

View research history
YearShare index
2022135.2
2023152.4
2024144.6
2025169.4
Photocatalytic Water‑Splitting HurdlesCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Photocatalytic Water‑Splitting Hurdles

38 papers

9.8% of this theme group

Papers note material stability and low solar‑to‑hydrogen conversion efficiencies hindering photocatalytic routes.

Photocatalysis (21) · Water splitting (18) · Hydrogen production (21) · Solar energy (5)

Materials Advances in Photocatalytic Solar Hydrogen Production: Integrating Systems and Economics for a Sustainable Future

Role of Metal Cocatalysts in the Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen from Water Revisited

View research history
YearShare index
2022510.0
2023530.7
2024529.9
2025552.9
Oxygen Evolution Catalyst GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Gaps

29 papers

7.5% of this theme group

Studies emphasize the need for robust electrocatalysts to improve oxygen evolution in water‑splitting systems.

Oxygen evolution (13) · Catalysis (16) · Water splitting (13) · Electrocatalyst (7)

Recent Advances and Perspectives on Coupled Water Electrolysis for Energy‐Saving Hydrogen Production

(Invited) Electrocatalyst Development for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution: From Fundamentals to Application in Electrolysis Devices

View research history
YearShare index
20222276.7
20232188.1
20242094.6
20251928.1

Cautions

188 papers · 4 recurring themes
4 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Economic and Environmental Trade‑offsCautions · 01

Economic and Environmental Trade‑offs

60 papers

31.9% of this theme group

Authors caution that large‑scale hydrogen adoption may create supply‑demand mismatches and new emissions.

Hydrogen production (39) · Hydrogen economy (11) · Renewable energy (14) · Electricity (8)

Future hydrogen economies imply environmental trade-offs and a supply-demand mismatch

Hydrogen Production Using Geothermal Energy

View research history
YearShare index
20221097.7
20231191.8
20241165.9
20251470.9
Catalyst Resource and Cost ConcernsCautions · 02

Catalyst Resource and Cost Concerns

58 papers

30.9% of this theme group

Research warns about reliance on scarce metals and high costs in catalytic hydrogen production pathways.

Catalysis (20) · Hydrogen production (32) · Hydrogen (21) · Platinum (5)

Solar hydrogen production: a bottom-up analysis of different photovoltaic–electrolysis pathways

Balancing Water Dissociation and Current Densities To Enable Sustainable Hydrogen Production with Bipolar Membranes in Microbial Electrolysi

View research history
YearShare index
20222406.5
20232344.2
20242274.3
20252102.7
PEM Electrolyzer Operational RisksCautions · 03

PEM Electrolyzer Operational Risks

42 papers

22.3% of this theme group

Papers advise careful design to handle variable renewable electricity and avoid performance degradation.

Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis (10) · Electrolysis (14) · Anode (7) · Electrolysis of water (9)

Analysys of the performance a PEM-type electrolyzer in variable energy supply conditions

Design Space for PEM Electrolysis for Cost-Effective H<sub>2</sub> Production Using Grid Electricity

View research history
YearShare index
2022374.3
2023390.9
2024339.2
2025380.4
Reforming Process Integration RisksCautions · 04

Reforming Process Integration Risks

28 papers

14.9% of this theme group

Studies highlight control complexities and efficiency losses when coupling reforming with downstream fuel‑cell systems.

Steam reforming (9) · Methane (8) · Syngas to gasoline plus (6) · Syngas (7)

Design and Control of the Dry Methane Reforming Process

Coupling effects of fuel reforming process and fuel utilization on the system performance of a natural gas solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine

View research history
YearShare index
2022245.2
2023254.4
2024228.9
2025261.0

Opportunities

3,377 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

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Advanced Electrocatalyst DevelopmentOpportunities · 01

Advanced Electrocatalyst Development

777 papers

23.0% of this theme group

Researchers explore low‑overpotential catalysts and nanocomposites to boost hydrogen evolution efficiency.

Catalysis (550) · Overpotential (143) · Electrocatalyst (142) · Tafel equation (71)

Polymer Nanocomposites: Catalysts for Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Challenging Water Sources

Direct Writing of Oxygen‐Doped Mo <sub>2</sub> C Enabled by Low‐Temperature Laser Deposition for High‐Performance Acidic Hydrogen Evolution

View research history
YearShare index
20222292.0
20232202.4
20242102.8
20251925.8
Renewable‑Driven Hydrogen ProductionOpportunities · 02

Renewable‑Driven Hydrogen Production

741 papers

21.9% of this theme group

Works propose integrating solar, wind, and geothermal power with electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen generation.

Hydrogen production (510) · Hydrogen (375) · Production (152) · Renewable energy (157)

Harnessing Renewable Energy for Hydrogen Production: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Hydrogen Generation Technology Through Electrochemical Water and Industrial Wastewater Electrolysis

View research history
YearShare index
2022347.8
2023382.6
2024403.4
2025423.0
Visible‑Light Photocatalysis AdvancesOpportunities · 03

Visible‑Light Photocatalysis Advances

552 papers

16.3% of this theme group

Studies demonstrate novel photocatalysts that harness visible light for efficient hydrogen production.

Photocatalysis (366) · Hydrogen production (325) · Photochemistry (46) · Visible spectrum (43)

Z-scheme photocatalytic hydrogen production over WO<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite photocatalysts

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation using a nanocomposite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and TiO<sub>2</sub>nanoparticles under visible lig

View research history
YearShare index
2022714.3
2023721.5
2024698.4
2025634.4
High‑Performance PEM ElectrolysisOpportunities · 04

High‑Performance PEM Electrolysis

348 papers

10.3% of this theme group

Papers report breakthroughs in membrane durability and oxygen‑evolution catalysts for long‑life electrolyzers.

Electrolysis (207) · Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (69) · Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis (56) · Electrolysis of water (92)

PEM Electrolysis, a Forerunner for Clean Hydrogen

(Invited) High-Performance and Long-Lifetime Oxygen Evolution Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

View research history
YearShare index
2022135.2
2023152.4
2024144.6
2025169.4
Syngas and Hybrid Fuel PathwaysOpportunities · 05

Syngas and Hybrid Fuel Pathways

337 papers

10.0% of this theme group

Research highlights co‑electrolysis and hybrid biomass‑gas processes to create versatile syngas feedstocks.

Syngas (134) · Syngas to gasoline plus (41) · Biomass (41) · Waste management (46)

Syngas Production By Coelectrolysis of CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O: The Basis for a Renewable Energy Cycle

Toward Novel Hybrid Biomass, Coal, and Natural Gas Processes for Satisfying Current Transportation Fuel Demands, 1: Process Alternatives, Ga

View research history
YearShare index
202279.6
202384.8
202481.0
202583.7
Steam and CO₂ Reforming InnovationsOpportunities · 06

Steam and CO₂ Reforming Innovations

315 papers

9.3% of this theme group

Works focus on bi‑reforming and catalyst designs that improve methane and CO₂ conversion to fuels.

Steam reforming (205) · Methane (129) · Carbon dioxide reforming (51) · Methane reformer (50)

Bi-reforming of Methane from Any Source with Steam and Carbon Dioxide Exclusively to Metgas (CO–2H<sub>2</sub>) for Methanol and Hydrocarbon

Insights into the Mechanism of Methanol Steam Reforming Tandem Reaction over CeO<sub>2</sub> Supported Single-Site Catalysts

View research history
YearShare index
2022245.3
2023254.5
2024229.1
2025260.9
Photoelectrochemical Water‑Splitting DesignsOpportunities · 07

Photoelectrochemical Water‑Splitting Designs

307 papers

9.1% of this theme group

Studies present nanophotocathodes and theoretical catalysts aimed at efficient solar‑driven hydrogen production.

Water splitting (254) · Oxygen evolution (69) · Photocurrent (31) · Hydrogen production (107)

Water Splitting by Visible Light: A Nanophotocathode for Hydrogen Production

Understanding the Photoelectrochemical Properties of Theoretically Predicted Water‐Splitting Catalysts for Effective Materials Discovery

View research history
YearShare index
2022173.7
2023176.7
2024167.0
2025190.6

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Promising42.3%37.0%
Breakthrough30.0%26.0%
Descriptive10.1%17.9%
Problem-identifying7.7%9.8%
Comparative5.2%4.0%
Cautionary4.1%4.3%
Critical0.6%1.0%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainFermentation of Biodegradable Organic Waste by the Family Thermotogaceae140.3%3 (21.4%)0.35%
Safety & misuseSpatiotemporal Decoupling of Water Electrolysis for Dual-Use Grid Energy Storage and Hydrogen Generation10.02%0 (0.0%)0.0%
Energy & datacenter footprint00.0%0 (%)0.01%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.01%
Carbon & emissions of compute00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Labour & data work00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Privacy & surveillance00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Bias & fairness00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Concentration of compute power00.0%0 (%)0.01%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

INNOVATION SIGNALS

Who files Hydrogen and Fuel Cells patents in the United States

Published patent filings in the recorded source window.

Expand panel +
37,180filings 2016–2025
8,000assignees
4,406peak annual filings

Filing momentum

01,2672,5333,8005,0672016: 3,54520162017: 3,7502018: 3,52320182019: 3,5662020: 3,24720202021: 3,2142022: 3,50420222023: 4,2402024: 4,40620242025: 4,1852025

Who files the most

AIR PROD & CHEM
1,589
Chevron USA
1,582
UOP
1,379
Exxonmobil RES & ENG
1,227
UNIV California
1,191
Praxair
887
Massachusetts INST
749
UNIV RICE William M
678
GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT

Where companies are based

Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.

Expand panel +
8 cards

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UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the United States: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put the United States in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 4 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon