Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗
the United States’s
indoor and vertical farming industry,
in focus.
The companies, capital and talent shaping indoor and vertical farming in the United States. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.
MEET THE COMPANIESExplore the United States’s indoor and vertical farming leaders
24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.
Expand panel +
Explore the United States’s indoor and vertical farming leaders
24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.
Company discovery
Recorded evidence onlyExplore the live startup set in Radar
No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.
Explore classified startups in Radar ↗Indoor and Vertical Farming industry KPIs in the United States
A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.
19 of 748 tracked companies have open roles.
135 of 748 tracked companies have a recorded round.
Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.
Midpoint of 295 rounds with a disclosed amount.
Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 36.0% of disclosed capital, while 82.0% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.
Explore the segments →CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATIONHow the United States indoor and vertical farming has grown
Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.
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How the United States indoor and vertical farming has grown
Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.
Disclosed funding by year
Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD
View the numbers
| Year | Funding (USD) | Founded | Raising |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $109.76M | 51 | 17 |
| 2017 | $261.69M | 71 | 18 |
| 2018 | $210.06M | 65 | 20 |
| 2019 | $471.59M | 50 | 23 |
| 2020 | $574.69M | 62 | 26 |
| 2021 | $1B | 49 | 30 |
| 2022 | $1.36B | 31 | 40 |
| 2023 | $126.45M | 9 | 18 |
| 2024 | $72.58M | 4 | 11 |
| 2025 | $72.67M | 0 | 9 |
Funding concentration
Share of all disclosed company funding.
- Plenty19.5%
- Little Leaf Farms8.9%
- Soli Organic7.6%
- Other companies64.0%
Funding by stage
337 recorded rounds since 2016
Investors appearing most often
Recorded participation in indoor and vertical farming company rounds since 2016.
- 01United States Department of Agriculture 35 rounds
- 02Equilibrium 6 rounds
- 03Finistere Ventures 4 rounds
- 04Revolution 4 rounds
- 05Catalyst Investors 4 rounds
- 06Bank of America 4 rounds
- 07Innovation Endeavors 3 rounds
- 08Bezos Expeditions 3 rounds
- 09DCVC 3 rounds
- 010DCM Ventures 3 rounds
Recent recorded rounds
Latest recorded rounds · USDLargest and notable recorded rounds
Each card is one recorded roundBacked by One Madison Group and JSCapital and others.
Backed by Fidelity Investments and Google Ventures and others.
Backed by BMO and Ares Management and others.
Backed by The Rise Fund.
Backed by Innovation Endeavors and Bezos Expeditions and others.
Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.
Backed by SoftBank Vision Fund and Driscoll's.
Backed by CDPQ and Cascade Asset Management and others.
Backed by Decennial Group and Cascade Investment Group and others.
Backed by Ingka and ADM Capital and others.
THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITYRevenue, profitability & financial strength
Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.
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Revenue, profitability & financial strength
Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.
Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.
FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 2 reporting entities from 10 eligible matches.
Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not the United States market sales.
Combined result for the same cohort.
Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.
The middle covered reporting entity.
None of 2 covered entities.
Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.
Annual account trend
Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.
Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.
Profitability has two perspectives
FY2025 · 2 reporting entities
Open the company accounts
Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.
| Company / reporting entity | Revenue | Net profit / loss | Net margin | Revenue growth | Total assets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planet 13 Holdings ↗1813452 | $103.4m | $-63.9m | -61.8% | — | — |
| Local Bounti ↗1840780 | $48.4m | $-94.4m | -195.1% | — | — |
Explore full company accounts and filings.
Explore a reporting entity
Choose “View accounts” to inspect an available company preview.
How does indoor and vertical farming compare?
Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.
| Industry | Covered / eligible | Revenue total | Median revenue | Net profit / loss | Aggregate margin | Profitable share | Overlap |
|---|
Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.
Coverage, calculations & financial sources
Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.
The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.
Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.
Web traffic, app reach and release cadence
How the the United States companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.
Most-installed apps
13 of these companies (1.7%) publish at least one Android app — 13 apps in all, carrying 61.5K installs between them.
| App | Installs | Rating | Store category |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spider FarmerSpider Farmer | 31.6K | 3.7 | Tools |
| Rise GardensRise Gardens | 10K | 4.4 | Lifestyle |
| Kessil AP700 ControllerKessil | 7.5K | 2.6 | Lifestyle |
| CA LightworksCalifornia LightWorks | 6.2K | — | Personalization |
| Good Chemistry ConnectGood Chem | 2.7K | 4.4 | Lifestyle |
| Noa BotanicalsNoa Botanicals | 1.2K | 3.6 | Lifestyle |
| Agwa appAgwa | 818 | — | Lifestyle |
| Babylon Guided GrowingBabylon | 695 | — | Food & Drink |
| PonixPonix | 301 | — | Lifestyle |
| GrowFluxGrowFlux | 237 | — | Tools |
Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.
INSIDE THE INDUSTRYThe the United States indoor and vertical farming market map
Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.
Expand panel +
The the United States indoor and vertical farming market map
Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.
Where companies are building
Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.
Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.
Agritech
The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.
19 companies hiring · $4.83B disclosed funding
Explore in RadarHow companies make money
Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.
THE COMPANIES IN MOTIONWho is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work
Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.
Expand panel +
Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work
Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
MINNEAPOLIS — Vireo Growth Inc. acquired Hawthorne Gardening Company LLC from the ScottsMiracle-Gro Company in an all-stock transaction.
Local Bounti Corporation (NYSE: LOCL) today announced that it secured $15 million through the issuance of a convertible note with an existing strategic investor.
Agriculture operator urban-gro Inc (NASDAQ: UGRO) attracted investor attention on Feb. 17 after revealing that it has completed a merger with Flash Sports and Media.
Raiven Capital (Dubai) announces a strategic investment in Vertical Harvest, Inc., a vertical farming company recently profiled by The Washington Post as leading Vertical Farming 2.0.
On August 25, 2025, RSLGH, LLC (“RSLGH”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, made a loan to Agrify, and Agrify issued a Secured Convertible Note to the Company with an aggregate original principal amount of US$45 million (the “Note”) to RSLGH.
80 Acres Farms® and Soli Organic® announced a strategic merger to form one of the world’s largest and most advanced indoor farming networks, bringing together decades of leadership in indoor farming.
AeroFarms completed new financing to support the Danville, Virginia site and a second vertical farm in planning.
Since its launch in 2024, BingX Labs has committed $16 million in investments across high-impact projects and protocols such as Babylon and StakeStone, alongside strategic collaborations with leading partners including IOSG, Kaia foundation, and Hackquest to support broader Web3 and AI ecosystem growth.
Berlin-based foodtech startup ingarden has raised €1.2 million in a seed extension to help fight nutrient deficiencies with its innovative NutriMed™ technology.
Viraj Puri, who co-founded Gotham Greens and has served as CEO since 2008, will assume the role of Executive Chairman.
Full recorded event mix
Top 10 categories among 135 recorded events in the 24-month window.
Leadership moves
5 tracked people moves
Appointment Chief Executive Officer
Appointment Executive Chairman
Appointment Advisory Board Member
Appointment Advisory Board Member
Appointment Chief Growing and R&D Officer
Product launches
Products, platforms and features in the recorded window
R&D Hub
Contract wins
7 recorded customer wins
Customer: green thumb industriesCannabis
Customer: CP Acquisitions LLC
Customer: food chainBusiness combination
Customer: fogo de chãoHospitality
Customer: Cannabis
Customer: lan airlines
Workforce actions
3 companies with reported reductions
133 rolescost reduction
100 rolesbusiness downturn
100 rolescost reduction
Regulatory events
3 recorded events
file compliance planNasdaq
notice of non-complianceNasdaq
Exception granted to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1)The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Litigation
1 tracked suits
release of WAB Funds · Settled
Earnings pulse
Reported company results in the recorded window.
Median across 23 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.
Mergers and acquisitions
Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.
| Acquirer → target | Status | Date | Value / context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vireo Growth→Hawthorne Gardening ↗ | 2026-04-09 | $83.7M | |
| Urban-gro→Flash Sports and Media, Inc. | Completed | 2026-02-18 | Not stated in snapshot |
| Urban-gro→Flash Sports & Media, Inc. | Completed | 2026-02-17 | Not stated in snapshot |
| Green Thumb→Agrify ↗ | Completed | 2025-09-02 | Not stated in snapshot |
| 80 acres farms→Soli Organic ↗ | Announced | 2025-08-20 | Not stated in snapshot |
| AppHarvest→root ai | Announced | 2025-02-14 | Not stated in snapshot |
A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.
PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITYThe talent market
197 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 286-posting snapshot covers 27 employers.
Expand panel +
The talent market
197 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 286-posting snapshot covers 27 employers.
Most advertised job titles
1 tracked postings mention remote work.
The seniority mix
119 postings specify a level.
Skills employers mention
Top skills across 286 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.
Companies hiring
Large employers
| Company | Employees |
|---|---|
| Planet 13 Holdings ↗ | 567 |
| AppHarvest ↗ | 478 |
| Green Circle Growers ↗ | 397 |
| Prospiant ↗ | 300 |
| Local Bounti ↗ | 289 |
| Gotham Greens ↗ | 288 |
| Little Leaf Farms ↗ | 254 |
| Kalera ↗ | 203 |
THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELDFounders and leaders
398 founders and chief executives across 308 companies.
Expand panel +
Founders and leaders
398 founders and chief executives across 308 companies.
Tim Cunniff
Little Leaf Farms ↗Little Leaf Farms, ex-Backyard Farms, ex-The Oppenheimer, Saint Joseph's University, 1987
Matt Ryan
Soli Organic ↗Ex- Starbucks, The Walt Disney Company, Hal RIney and Partners, Armando Testa. Harvard College AB 1984
Eric Haley
Gotham Greens ↗Gotham Greens, ex-Corporate Fuel Partners, ex-Jpmorgan Chase, NYU Stern School of Business, 2017
Craig Hurlbert
Local Bounti ↗Local Bounti, ex-Brightmark Partners, ex-Prostar Geocorp, California State University-Long Beach - College of Business Administration, 1989
Jonathan Webb
AppHarvest ↗Ex-Archetype USA, Simple Choice Solutions. University of Kentucky BBA
Raymond Chang
Agrify ↗Ex-New Focus Auto-Tech Holdings Limited, Luckypai, GigaMedia, McKinsey & Company.Yale School of Management MBA 1996
Cristian E Toma
Kalera ↗Ex- BD, Medeikon Corp, Graphco Technologies. University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest MS, PhD
Kimbal Musk
Square Roots ↗Ex-Tesla, Co-Founder & Executive Chairman Square Roots Urban Growers, Co-Founder & Executive Chairman The Kitchen Restaurant Group. International…
David Lee
Inevitable Tech ↗Webtoon, ex-Impossible Foods, ex-Zynga, Harvard University
David Flynn
AmplifiedAg ↗Ex - Corner Farms, Senior Plans And Operations Manager US Army, Program Director US Army.Clemson University BS, Financial Management 1990…
Harmeet Singh
Dream Harvest ↗Dream Harvest Farming, University of Southern California, 2009
Trevor Kenkel
Springworks Farm ↗Bowdoin College 2018
Education networks
19 profiles with education records.
Prior employers
4 profiles with prior-work records.
Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.
NEWS INTELLIGENCEHow this industry appears in the news
245,426 articles in the measured 12-month window.
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How this industry appears in the news
245,426 articles in the measured 12-month window.
News volume trends
Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States · articles per complete quarter
View quarterly article counts
| Quarter | Articles |
|---|---|
| 2021Q2 | 49,234 |
| 2021Q3 | 50,998 |
| 2021Q4 | 48,339 |
| 2022Q1 | 49,936 |
| 2022Q2 | 50,905 |
| 2022Q3 | 49,714 |
| 2022Q4 | 50,201 |
| 2023Q1 | 52,050 |
| 2023Q2 | 58,383 |
| 2023Q3 | 60,509 |
| 2023Q4 | 52,999 |
| 2024Q1 | 65,699 |
| 2024Q2 | 60,776 |
| 2024Q3 | 59,782 |
| 2024Q4 | 60,230 |
| 2025Q1 | 135,293 |
| 2025Q2 | 55,518 |
| 2025Q3 | 69,667 |
| 2025Q4 | 49,199 |
| 2026Q1 | 62,392 |
Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.
Tone of coverage over time
Most-covered companies
Company share of voice
189 recorded company events across 24 companies; percentages use that event total.
Leading coverage topics
Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States · ranked by full-period article count.
Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.
Topics gaining and losing attention
Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States
| Keyword | Recent | Prior | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| artemis program | 3,716 | 241 | 1442% |
| ceo change | 407 | 267 | 52% |
| fertilizer placement techniques | 371 | 264 | 41% |
| cannabis policy reform discussions | 333 | 195 | 71% |
| tracking satellites | 305 | 141 | 116% |
| nanoelectronics | 294 | 174 | 69% |
| organic fertilizer blends | 291 | 195 | 49% |
| national security space policy | 287 | 190 | 51% |
| ncaa updates | 249 | 120 | 108% |
| delivery drone | 241 | 34 | 609% |
| food safety modernization | 233 | 1,623 | -86% |
| food hub operations | 491 | 1,070 | -54% |
| cereal planting density | 212 | 1,028 | -79% |
| trade compliance agriculture | 516 | 1,019 | -49% |
| organic standards enforcement | 107 | 873 | -88% |
Event and signal lenses
Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States
Regulatory Risk
226,590 classified articlesyouth agriculture programs, trade compliance agriculture, agricultural extension outreach
37.3% critical · 41.5% positiveFunding Momentum
82,267 classified articlesagricultural venture capital, satellite telecommunication, agtech startup funding
36.6% critical · 53.4% positiveGrowth
100,062 classified articleswhole-farm revenue policies, cereal growth stage management, cereal planting density
23.9% critical · 51.6% positiveIndoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.
RESEARCH SIGNALSWhat Indoor and Vertical Farming research is working on
2,521 papers in the recorded india scope.
Expand panel +
What Indoor and Vertical Farming research is working on
2,521 papers in the recorded india scope.
Research orientation
Contribution mix
Tone counts: 2,447 positive · 50 neutral · 24 negative.
- Agriculture174 papers
- Precision agriculture122 papers
- Sustainability43 papers
- Food security17 papers
- Agricultural engineering17 papers
- Drone14 papers
- Production14 papers
- Big data13 papers
Landmark: Nanofertilizer for Precision and Sustainable Agriculture: Current State and Future Perspectives
- Agriculture38 papers
- Precision agriculture32 papers
- Yield15 papers
- Agricultural engineering11 papers
- Remote sensing10 papers
- Crop10 papers
- Canopy10 papers
- Fertilizer8 papers
Landmark: An experimental LoRa performance evaluation in tree farm
- Precision agriculture746 papers
- Agriculture527 papers
- Remote sensing164 papers
- Hyperspectral imaging122 papers
- Multispectral image114 papers
- Agricultural engineering104 papers
- Irrigation93 papers
- Sustainability85 papers
Landmark: Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network
Leading institutions
Leading researchers
Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers
- A CNN-RNN Framework for Crop Yield Prediction549 citations
- Development and evaluation of a low-cost and smart technology for precision weed management utilizing artificial intelligence405 citations
- Towards Smart Farming and Sustainable Agriculture with Drones256 citations
- Identification of Citrus Trees from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery Using Convolutional Neural Networks205 citations
- Deep Object Detection of Crop Weeds: Performance of YOLOv7 on a Real Case Dataset from UAV Images192 citations
Common problems researchers identify
219 papers · 4 recurring themes
Common problems researchers identify · 01Sustainable Yield Management
68 papers31.1% of this theme group
Researchers highlight challenges in measuring and optimizing water use and yield for sustainable indoor farming.
Agriculture (47) · Sustainability (18) · Yield (6) · Crop (6)
Robotic Assessment of a Crop’s Need for Watering: Automating a Time-Consuming Task to Support Sustainable Agriculture
Yield monitor data: Collection, management, and usage
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 874.2 |
| 2023 | 902.7 |
| 2024 | 871.6 |
| 2025 | 1043.0 |
Common problems researchers identify · 02Precision Agriculture Gaps
68 papers31.1% of this theme group
Studies point to unresolved issues in site‑specific nutrient and irrigation management for indoor crops.
Precision agriculture (63) · Agriculture (51) · Agricultural science (5) · Production (8)
Precision Agriculture and Irrigation: Current U.S. Perspectives
Precision agriculture technologies for soil site-specific nutrient management: A comprehensive review
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 328.4 |
| 2023 | 308.5 |
| 2024 | 232.9 |
| 2025 | 114.0 |
Common problems researchers identify · 03Data Integration Barriers
48 papers21.9% of this theme group
Authors note difficulties linking big data, IoT, and computer‑vision tools in smart indoor farms.
Agriculture (37) · Big data (10) · Precision agriculture (28) · Internet of Things (5)
Computer vision in smart agriculture and precision farming: Techniques and applications
Technologies Driving the Shift to Smart Farming: A Review
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 685.1 |
| 2023 | 693.3 |
| 2024 | 837.6 |
| 2025 | 766.0 |
Common problems researchers identify · 04Drone Sensing Limitations
35 papers16.0% of this theme group
Works discuss constraints of UAV‑based hyperspectral and multispectral imaging for precise indoor crop monitoring.
Drone (13) · Hyperspectral imaging (8) · Precision agriculture (25) · Multispectral image (7)
Drones: The Newest Technology for Precision Agriculture
Leveraging precision agriculture techniques using UAVs and emerging disruptive technologies
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 212.4 |
| 2023 | 228.4 |
| 2024 | 224.9 |
| 2025 | 240.8 |
Cautions
98 papers · 4 recurring themes
Cautions · 01Responsible Precision Tech
32 papers32.7% of this theme group
Researchers urge careful deployment of precision tools to avoid unintended impacts on food security and sustainability.
Precision agriculture (21) · Agriculture (16) · Food security (3) · Sustainable agriculture (3)
In pursuit of responsible innovation for precision agriculture technologies
Internet of Things-Based Smart Precision Farming in Soilless Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Food Security
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 384.9 |
| 2023 | 417.2 |
| 2024 | 459.2 |
| 2025 | 546.9 |
Cautions · 02Nitrogen Efficiency Risks
27 papers27.6% of this theme group
Papers caution that mis‑managed nitrogen applications can widen yield gaps and harm environmental health.
Yield (10) · Fertilizer (8) · Nitrogen (6) · Agriculture (15)
Narrowing the agronomic yield gap with improved nitrogen use efficiency: a modeling approach
Net Returns from Terrain‐Based Variable‐Rate Nitrogen Management on Dryland Spring Wheat in Northern Montana
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 190.7 |
| 2023 | 182.7 |
| 2024 | 167.3 |
| 2025 | 166.5 |
Cautions · 03Remote Sensing Accuracy
23 papers23.5% of this theme group
Studies warn that reduced sensor density and processing errors may compromise canopy assessments.
Remote sensing (9) · Canopy (7) · Multispectral image (4) · Hyperspectral imaging (4)
Effects of Reduced Terrestrial LiDAR Point Density on High-Resolution Grain Crop Surface Models in Precision Agriculture
Remote sensing with unmanned aircraft systems for precision agriculture applications
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 1354.9 |
| 2023 | 1412.1 |
| 2024 | 1636.4 |
| 2025 | 1027.1 |
Cautions · 04Sprayer Over‑Application
16 papers16.3% of this theme group
Research highlights the danger of excessive pesticide use due to imprecise boom and nozzle control.
Sprayer (5) · Boom (5) · Nozzle (3) · Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (4)
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Soil Color‐Based Management Zones in Irrigated Maize
Reducing Pesticide Over-Application with Map-Based Automatic Boom Section Control on Agricultural Sprayers
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 10.9 |
| 2023 | 11.4 |
| 2024 | 7.3 |
| 2025 | 7.8 |
Opportunities
1,481 papers · 7 recurring themes
Opportunities · 01Integrated Precision Systems
305 papers20.6% of this theme group
Opportunities focus on combining sensors, robotics, and analytics to enable fully automated indoor farming.
Precision agriculture (275) · Agriculture (160) · Agricultural engineering (41) · Livestock (11)
Devices, systems, and methods for automated monitoring enabling precision agriculture
Remote Sensing: Advancing the Science and the Applications to Transform Agriculture
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 339.9 |
| 2023 | 346.6 |
| 2024 | 402.1 |
| 2025 | 283.0 |
Opportunities · 02Robotic Crop Monitoring
258 papers17.4% of this theme group
Works explore robot platforms for in‑row and canopy observation, reducing labor and pesticide reliance.
Agriculture (90) · Robot (28) · Sustainability (26) · Pesticide (10)
FARMs: A Geospatial Crop Modeling and Agricultural Water Management System
AgBug: Agricultural Robotic Platform for In-Row and Under Canopy Crop Monitoring and Assessment
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 503.7 |
| 2023 | 548.4 |
| 2024 | 594.1 |
| 2025 | 728.9 |
Opportunities · 03Advanced Spectral Sensing
247 papers16.7% of this theme group
Research promotes UAV and ground‑based hyperspectral imaging for precise weed and stress detection.
Hyperspectral imaging (94) · Multispectral image (87) · Remote sensing (116) · Precision agriculture (136)
Development and Testing of a UAV-Based Multi-Sensor System for Plant Phenotyping and Precision Agriculture
Ground-based hyperspectral remote sensing for weed management in crop production
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 1382.6 |
| 2023 | 1446.2 |
| 2024 | 1673.1 |
| 2025 | 1086.5 |
Opportunities · 04Deep Learning for Plant Health
190 papers12.8% of this theme group
Studies develop neural models to identify diseases and weeds from image data in indoor environments.
Weed (54) · Convolutional neural network (58) · Plant disease (32) · Pattern recognition (25)
A Mobile-Based System for Detecting Plant Leaf Diseases Using Deep Learning
Deep Learning for Weed Detection and Segmentation in Agricultural Crops Using Images Captured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 558.9 |
| 2023 | 531.3 |
| 2024 | 360.8 |
| 2025 | 504.4 |
Opportunities · 05Yield Prediction Analytics
181 papers12.2% of this theme group
Papers present data‑driven models linking canopy metrics to crop yield forecasts.
Yield (66) · Crop yield (41) · Canopy (31) · Agronomy (19)
Application of Vegetation Indices for Agricultural Crop Yield Prediction Using Neural Network Techniques
A Precision Agriculture Approach for Durum Wheat Yield Assessment Using Remote Sensing Data and Yield Mapping
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 175.7 |
| 2023 | 172.8 |
| 2024 | 148.7 |
| 2025 | 208.0 |
Opportunities · 06IoT Cloud Platforms
159 papers10.7% of this theme group
Research highlights cloud‑connected IoT networks for real‑time monitoring and decision support.
Internet of Things (41) · Agriculture (93) · Precision agriculture (88) · Cloud computing (23)
An IoT-enabled AI system for real-time crop prediction using soil and weather data in precision agriculture
Smart Agriculture: IOT-Based Smart Application for Agriculture
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 722.7 |
| 2023 | 731.6 |
| 2024 | 872.6 |
| 2025 | 780.8 |
Opportunities · 07Soil Moisture Optimization
141 papers9.5% of this theme group
Works focus on precise moisture sensing to guide irrigation and improve water use efficiency.
Water content (50) · Moisture (22) · Soil science (18) · Irrigation (29)
Advanced technologies of soil moisture monitoring in precision agriculture: A Review
A soil moisture‐based framework for guiding the number and location of soil moisture sensors in agricultural fields
View research history
| Year | Share index |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 251.3 |
| 2023 | 237.6 |
| 2024 | 191.8 |
| 2025 | 140.8 |
How this field compares with the research baseline
Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.
| Research orientation | This field | Reference sample |
|---|---|---|
| Promising | 41.7% | 37.4% |
| Breakthrough | 24.4% | 26.4% |
| Descriptive | 14.2% | 17.3% |
| Problem-identifying | 10.0% | 9.6% |
| Comparative | 5.4% | 3.9% |
| Cautionary | 4.1% | 4.5% |
| Critical | 0.2% | 1.0% |
Concerns receiving less research attention
Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.
| Concern / example paper | Papers | Share | Raised as a problem | Worldwide share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Privacy & surveillanceSecurity and Privacy in Smart Farming: Challenges and Opportunities | 13 | 0.59% | 3 (23.1%) | 0.37% |
| Bias & fairnessSelection of Hyperspectral Narrowbands (HNBs) and Composition of Hyperspectral Twoband Vegetation Indices (HVIs) for Bio | 6 | 0.27% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.15% |
| Energy & datacenter footprintExploring Green AI Integration for Enhanced Crop Yield and Forest Management: A Sustainable Vision | 2 | 0.09% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.06% |
| Hardware, e-waste & supply chainRobotic Solutions for Sustainable Harvesting Using AI and IoT for Reducing Labor and Resource Waste in Farming | 1 | 0.05% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.03% |
| Safety & misuseAnalysis on Data by Deterioration Ambiguity Technique Using Data Analysis for Agriculture | 1 | 0.05% | 0 (0.0%) | 0.01% |
| Water use | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
| Carbon & emissions of compute | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
| Labour & data work | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
| Concentration of compute power | 0 | 0.0% | 0 (%) | 0.0% |
Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.
GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINTWhere companies are based
Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.
Expand panel +
Where companies are based
Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.
New York City
19 companies20.2% across the displayed hubs
1 companies hiring · $507.2M disclosed funding
Explore companies in New York City ↗Los Angeles
14 companies14.9% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $19.4M disclosed funding
Explore companies in Los Angeles ↗Las Vegas
12 companies12.8% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $12.2M disclosed funding
Explore companies in Las Vegas ↗San Francisco
11 companies11.7% across the displayed hubs
1 companies hiring · $989.9M disclosed funding
Explore companies in San Francisco ↗San Diego
10 companies10.6% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $4.9M disclosed funding
Explore companies in San Diego ↗
Denver
10 companies10.6% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $15.4M disclosed funding
Explore companies in Denver ↗
Austin
9 companies9.6% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $701.2K disclosed funding
Explore companies in Austin ↗
Philadelphia
9 companies9.6% across the displayed hubs
0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding
Explore companies in Philadelphia ↗Indoor and Vertical Farming in the United States: key questions
Clear definitions for making better comparisons.
What does this landscape measure?
It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.
Can segment counts be added together?
No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.
What does a missing figure mean?
A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.
Company ecosystem snapshot: 1 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.
Canonical landscape ↗