Industry landscapes
Industry report

Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE THE UNITED STATES EDITION 2026

the United States’s
indoor and vertical farming industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping indoor and vertical farming in the United States. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Indoor and Vertical Farming Industry Landscape of the United States
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Indoor and Vertical Farming illustration
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore the United States’s indoor and vertical farming leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Indoor and Vertical Farming company highlights in the United States, snapshot 1 September 2026
Company
Plentyplenty.ag$943.5M—377—
Little Leaf Farmslittleleaffarms.com$430.16M2 roles254—
Soli Organicsoliorganic.com$367.02M3 roles122—
Gotham Greensgothamgreens.com$353.05M5 roles288—
Bowery Farmingboweryfarming.com$325M———
AeroFarmsaerofarms.com$284.64M—159—
Local Bountilocalbounti.com$263.31M6 roles289$48.37MFYFY2025 filing
GrowLifegrowlifeinc.com$222.82M—13$6.2MFYFY2021 filing
Tanimura & Antletaproduce.com—10 roles4,457—
BrightFarmsbrightfarms.com—7 roles254—
Vireo Healthvireohealth.com—7 roles—Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Kalerakalera.com—4 roles203—
Agrifyagrify.com——72Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
AppHarvestappharvest.com——478$14.59MFYFY2022 filing
Fluencefluence-led.com————
Freight Farmsfreightfarms.com——81—
Fresh Originsfreshorigins.com——325—
Green Circle Growersgreencirclegrowers.com——397—
Green Roadsgreenroads.com——69—
GreenStalk Gardengreenstalkgarden.com————
Planet 13 Holdingsplanet13holdings.com——567$103.38MFYFY2025 filing
Ponixponixfarms.com——12Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Prospiantprospiant.com——300—
Urban-grourban-gro.com——15$40.01MFYFY2024 filing
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only

Explore the live startup set in Radar

No company example met every recorded classification, independence and public-profile gate in this snapshot. The live directory may have newer qualifying companies.

Explore classified startups in Radar ↗
THE KEY SIGNALS

Indoor and Vertical Farming industry KPIs in the United States

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

1 September 2026
Hiring participation2.5%

19 of 748 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation18.0%

135 of 748 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share36.0%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$608.25K

Midpoint of 295 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 36.0% of disclosed capital, while 82.0% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How the United States indoor and vertical farming has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

the United States indoor and vertical farming
$0$386.89M$773.78M$1.16B$1.55B2016: $109.76M20162017: $261.69M20172018: $210.06M20182019: $471.59M20192020: $574.69M20202021: $1B20212022: $1.36B20222023: $126.45M20232024: $72.58M20242025: $72.67M2025
View the numbers
Annual indoor and vertical farming funding and company formation in the United States
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$109.76M5117
2017$261.69M7118
2018$210.06M6520
2019$471.59M5023
2020$574.69M6226
2021$1B4930
2022$1.36B3140
2023$126.45M918
2024$72.58M411
2025$72.67M09
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Plenty19.5%
  • Little Leaf Farms8.9%
  • Soli Organic7.6%
  • Other companies64.0%

Funding by stage

337 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel99 29.4%
Series A–B59 17.5%
Series C+ / PE24 7.1%
Grants, debt & other155 46.0%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
0 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series E01/2022
Plentyplenty.ag$400M

Backed by One Madison Group and JSCapital and others.

Series B07/2017
Plentyplenty.ag$200M

Backed by Innovation Endeavors and Bezos Expeditions and others.

Series C06/2019
Plentyplenty.ag$175M

Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 2 reporting entities from 10 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not the United States market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 2 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 2 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

2 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
THE UNITED STATES · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does indoor and vertical farming compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the the United States companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Most-installed apps

13 of these companies (1.7%) publish at least one Android app — 13 apps in all, carrying 61.5K installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
Spider FarmerSpider Farmer31.6K3.7Tools
Rise GardensRise Gardens10K4.4Lifestyle
Kessil AP700 ControllerKessil7.5K2.6Lifestyle
CA LightworksCalifornia LightWorks6.2K—Personalization
Good Chemistry ConnectGood Chem2.7K4.4Lifestyle
Noa BotanicalsNoa Botanicals1.2K3.6Lifestyle
Agwa appAgwa818—Lifestyle
Babylon Guided GrowingBabylon695—Food & Drink
PonixPonix301—Lifestyle
GrowFluxGrowFlux237—Tools

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The the United States indoor and vertical farming market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Agritech741
Enterprise tech527
B2b agritech526
Sustainable farming451
Consumer digital310
Smart farming265
Precision farming187
Autonomous farming183
Smart led lights94
Organic farming72
Healthtech37
Enterprise software21

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Agritech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

741companies
2.6%have hiring activity

19 companies hiring · $4.83B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

E-commerce - product616
Physical commerce472
Subscription58
Fee-for-service32
Commission on transaction25
Advertising16
E-commerce - service13
Donations1
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Mergers & acquisitionshawthorne-gardening.com ↗

MINNEAPOLIS — Vireo Growth Inc. acquired Hawthorne Gardening Company LLC from the ScottsMiracle-Gro Company in an all-stock transaction.

Funding roundslocalbounti.com ↗

Local Bounti Corporation (NYSE: LOCL) today announced that it secured $15 million through the issuance of a convertible note with an existing strategic investor.

Mergers & acquisitionsurban-gro.com ↗

Agriculture operator urban-gro Inc (NASDAQ: UGRO) attracted investor attention on Feb. 17 after revealing that it has completed a merger with Flash Sports and Media.

Funding roundsverticalharvestfarms.com ↗

Raiven Capital (Dubai) announces a strategic investment in Vertical Harvest, Inc., a vertical farming company recently profiled by The Washington Post as leading Vertical Farming 2.0.

Funding roundsagrify.com ↗

On August 25, 2025, RSLGH, LLC (“RSLGH”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, made a loan to Agrify, and Agrify issued a Secured Convertible Note to the Company with an aggregate original principal amount of US$45 million (the “Note”) to RSLGH.

Mergers & acquisitionssoliorganic.com ↗

80 Acres Farms® and Soli Organic® announced a strategic merger to form one of the world’s largest and most advanced indoor farming networks, bringing together decades of leadership in indoor farming.

Funding roundsaerofarms.com ↗

AeroFarms completed new financing to support the Danville, Virginia site and a second vertical farm in planning.

Funding roundsbabylonmicrofarms.com ↗

Since its launch in 2024, BingX Labs has committed $16 million in investments across high-impact projects and protocols such as Babylon and StakeStone, alongside strategic collaborations with leading partners including IOSG, Kaia foundation, and Hackquest to support broader Web3 and AI ecosystem growth.

Funding roundsingarden.com ↗

Berlin-based foodtech startup ingarden has raised €1.2 million in a seed extension to help fight nutrient deficiencies with its innovative NutriMed™ technology.

Leadership movesgothamgreens.com ↗

Viraj Puri, who co-founded Gotham Greens and has served as CEO since 2008, will assume the role of Executive Chairman.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 135 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Earnings
40
Leadership moves
19
Asset acquisitions
17
Funding rounds
15
Contracts
14
Mergers & acquisitions
9
Layoffs
8
Company announcements
7
Lawsuit
2
Regulatory
2
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

BrightFarms ↗
BrightLabs

R&D Hub

Regulatory events

3 recorded events

Urban-gro ↗

file compliance planNasdaq

Urban-gro ↗

notice of non-complianceNasdaq

Urban-gro ↗

Exception granted to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1)The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Litigation

1 tracked suits

Company
planet 13 holdings v Casa Verde Capital, L.P. and Casa Verde Capital EF, L.P.

release of WAB Funds · Settled

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

8companies
39period observations
24.0%median reported growth

Median across 23 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
Vireo Growth→Hawthorne Gardening ↗2026-04-09$83.7M
Urban-gro→Flash Sports and Media, Inc.Completed2026-02-18Not stated in snapshot
Urban-gro→Flash Sports & Media, Inc.Completed2026-02-17Not stated in snapshot
Green Thumb→Agrify ↗Completed2025-09-02Not stated in snapshot
80 acres farms→Soli Organic ↗Announced2025-08-20Not stated in snapshot
AppHarvest→root aiAnnounced2025-02-14Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

197 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 286-posting snapshot covers 27 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Assistant Grower7
Machine Operator6
Cooler Forklift Operator6
Head Of Engineering, Tmt5
Sr. Data Steward (Data Governance)5
Forklift Operator4
1 internship postings

1 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

119 postings specify a level.

unspecified
167
manager
48
lead
34
senior
30
intern
7

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 286 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Excel
6
Sql
5
Python
4
Financial Modeling
3
Erp
3
Osolescence
2
System Assemblies
2
Npv
2
Pricing Negotiations
2
Long Term Agreements
2
THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

398 founders and chief executives across 308 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

19 profiles with education records.

Harvard University
4
Yale University
3
Columbia Business School
3
University of California (Berkeley)
2
Stanford University
2
Cornell University
2
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2
University of Oxford
1

Prior employers

4 profiles with prior-work records.

Morgan Stanley
1
McKinsey
1
Apple
1
Google
1

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

245,426 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
245,426articles in the measured year
62,392articles in 2026Q1
74.0%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States · articles per complete quarter

038,89777,793116,690155,5872021Q2: 49,2342021Q22021Q3: 50,9982021Q4: 48,3392022Q1: 49,9362022Q2: 50,9052022Q22022Q3: 49,7142022Q4: 50,2012023Q1: 52,0502023Q2: 58,3832023Q22023Q3: 60,5092023Q4: 52,9992024Q1: 65,6992024Q2: 60,7762024Q22024Q3: 59,7822024Q4: 60,2302025Q1: 135,2932025Q2: 55,5182025Q22025Q3: 69,6672025Q4: 49,1992026Q1: 62,3922026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q249,234
2021Q350,998
2021Q448,339
2022Q149,936
2022Q250,905
2022Q349,714
2022Q450,201
2023Q152,050
2023Q258,383
2023Q360,509
2023Q452,999
2024Q165,699
2024Q260,776
2024Q359,782
2024Q460,230
2025Q1135,293
2025Q255,518
2025Q369,667
2025Q449,199
2026Q162,392

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
117,771 positive · 1,901 neutral · 38,946 negative
2022
145,333 positive · 2,487 neutral · 52,590 negative
2023
166,531 positive · 2,466 neutral · 54,537 negative
2024
179,471 positive · 2,755 neutral · 63,883 negative
2025
228,849 positive · 4,313 neutral · 75,995 negative

Leading coverage topics

Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States · ranked by full-period article count.

Lunar And Martian Exploration Missions18,791 articles in the full recorded period
7,142 recent · 3,296 prior
Space Launch Infrastructure Development13,975 articles in the full recorded period
4,546 recent · 4,018 prior
Space Station Infrastructure13,945 articles in the full recorded period
4,274 recent · 5,276 prior
Reusable Launch Vehicle Innovations11,789 articles in the full recorded period
3,698 recent · 3,392 prior
Rural Community Development Programs11,126 articles in the full recorded period
2,635 recent · 2,318 prior
Satellite Communication Technologies11,069 articles in the full recorded period
3,295 recent · 2,797 prior
Lunar And Planetary Surface Feature Analysis10,286 articles in the full recorded period
3,677 recent · 1,621 prior
Orbital Mechanics And Celestial Motion Calculations9,588 articles in the full recorded period
2,895 recent · 3,907 prior
New Product Launches And Innovations9,376 articles in the full recorded period
2,271 recent · 2,263 prior
Rocket Engine Development9,030 articles in the full recorded period
2,791 recent · 2,577 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States

KeywordRecentPriorChange
artemis program3,7162411442%
ceo change40726752%
fertilizer placement techniques37126441%
cannabis policy reform discussions33319571%
tracking satellites305141116%
nanoelectronics29417469%
organic fertilizer blends29119549%
national security space policy28719051%
ncaa updates249120108%
delivery drone24134609%
food safety modernization2331,623-86%
food hub operations4911,070-54%
cereal planting density2121,028-79%
trade compliance agriculture5161,019-49%
organic standards enforcement107873-88%

Event and signal lenses

Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

226,590 classified articles

youth agriculture programs, trade compliance agriculture, agricultural extension outreach

37.3% critical · 41.5% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

82,267 classified articles

agricultural venture capital, satellite telecommunication, agtech startup funding

36.6% critical · 53.4% positive
Rising

Growth

100,062 classified articles

whole-farm revenue policies, cereal growth stage management, cereal planting density

23.9% critical · 51.6% positive

Indoor and Vertical Farming coverage across United States. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Indoor and Vertical Farming research is working on

2,521 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
2,521papers
27,496worldwide comparison pool
2,521India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Promising
1,050
Breakthrough
616
Descriptive
358
Problem-identifying
251
Comparative
136
Cautionary
104
Critical
6

Contribution mix

Methods-led
1,264
Empirical
817
Reviews
349
Position pieces
89
Theoretical
2

Tone counts: 2,447 positive · 50 neutral · 24 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
257 papers · 10.2% of this field
  • Agriculture174 papers
  • Precision agriculture122 papers
  • Sustainability43 papers
  • Food security17 papers
  • Agricultural engineering17 papers
  • Drone14 papers
  • Production14 papers
  • Big data13 papers

Landmark: Nanofertilizer for Precision and Sustainable Agriculture: Current State and Future Perspectives

Cautions
104 papers · 4.1% of this field
  • Agriculture38 papers
  • Precision agriculture32 papers
  • Yield15 papers
  • Agricultural engineering11 papers
  • Remote sensing10 papers
  • Crop10 papers
  • Canopy10 papers
  • Fertilizer8 papers

Landmark: An experimental LoRa performance evaluation in tree farm

Opportunities
1,666 papers · 66.1% of this field
  • Precision agriculture746 papers
  • Agriculture527 papers
  • Remote sensing164 papers
  • Hyperspectral imaging122 papers
  • Multispectral image114 papers
  • Agricultural engineering104 papers
  • Irrigation93 papers
  • Sustainability85 papers

Landmark: Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network

Leading institutions

Agricultural Research Service
3,225
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
3,040
National Research Council
2,398
Purdue University West Lafayette
1,781
North Dakota State University
1,545
Iowa State University
1,524

Leading researchers

Viacheslav I. Adamchuk
1,493
Robin Gebbers
1,465
Ram L. Ray
1,314
Rajendra P. Sishodia
1,295
Sudhir Kumar Singh
1,277
Salvatore Filippo Di Gennaro
896
Yiannis Ampatzidis
869
Robert G. Evans
844

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • A CNN-RNN Framework for Crop Yield Prediction549 citations
  • Development and evaluation of a low-cost and smart technology for precision weed management utilizing artificial intelligence405 citations
  • Towards Smart Farming and Sustainable Agriculture with Drones256 citations
  • Identification of Citrus Trees from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery Using Convolutional Neural Networks205 citations
  • Deep Object Detection of Crop Weeds: Performance of YOLOv7 on a Real Case Dataset from UAV Images192 citations

Common problems researchers identify

219 papers · 4 recurring themes
4 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Sustainable Yield ManagementCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Sustainable Yield Management

68 papers

31.1% of this theme group

Researchers highlight challenges in measuring and optimizing water use and yield for sustainable indoor farming.

Agriculture (47) · Sustainability (18) · Yield (6) · Crop (6)

Robotic Assessment of a Crop’s Need for Watering: Automating a Time-Consuming Task to Support Sustainable Agriculture

Yield monitor data: Collection, management, and usage

View research history
YearShare index
2022874.2
2023902.7
2024871.6
20251043.0
Precision Agriculture GapsCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Precision Agriculture Gaps

68 papers

31.1% of this theme group

Studies point to unresolved issues in site‑specific nutrient and irrigation management for indoor crops.

Precision agriculture (63) · Agriculture (51) · Agricultural science (5) · Production (8)

Precision Agriculture and Irrigation: Current U.S. Perspectives

Precision agriculture technologies for soil site-specific nutrient management: A comprehensive review

View research history
YearShare index
2022328.4
2023308.5
2024232.9
2025114.0
Data Integration BarriersCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Data Integration Barriers

48 papers

21.9% of this theme group

Authors note difficulties linking big data, IoT, and computer‑vision tools in smart indoor farms.

Agriculture (37) · Big data (10) · Precision agriculture (28) · Internet of Things (5)

Computer vision in smart agriculture and precision farming: Techniques and applications

Technologies Driving the Shift to Smart Farming: A Review

View research history
YearShare index
2022685.1
2023693.3
2024837.6
2025766.0
Drone Sensing LimitationsCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Drone Sensing Limitations

35 papers

16.0% of this theme group

Works discuss constraints of UAV‑based hyperspectral and multispectral imaging for precise indoor crop monitoring.

Drone (13) · Hyperspectral imaging (8) · Precision agriculture (25) · Multispectral image (7)

Drones: The Newest Technology for Precision Agriculture

Leveraging precision agriculture techniques using UAVs and emerging disruptive technologies

View research history
YearShare index
2022212.4
2023228.4
2024224.9
2025240.8

Cautions

98 papers · 4 recurring themes
4 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Responsible Precision TechCautions · 01

Responsible Precision Tech

32 papers

32.7% of this theme group

Researchers urge careful deployment of precision tools to avoid unintended impacts on food security and sustainability.

Precision agriculture (21) · Agriculture (16) · Food security (3) · Sustainable agriculture (3)

In pursuit of responsible innovation for precision agriculture technologies

Internet of Things-Based Smart Precision Farming in Soilless Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Food Security

View research history
YearShare index
2022384.9
2023417.2
2024459.2
2025546.9
Nitrogen Efficiency RisksCautions · 02

Nitrogen Efficiency Risks

27 papers

27.6% of this theme group

Papers caution that mis‑managed nitrogen applications can widen yield gaps and harm environmental health.

Yield (10) · Fertilizer (8) · Nitrogen (6) · Agriculture (15)

Narrowing the agronomic yield gap with improved nitrogen use efficiency: a modeling approach

Net Returns from Terrain‐Based Variable‐Rate Nitrogen Management on Dryland Spring Wheat in Northern Montana

View research history
YearShare index
2022190.7
2023182.7
2024167.3
2025166.5
Remote Sensing AccuracyCautions · 03

Remote Sensing Accuracy

23 papers

23.5% of this theme group

Studies warn that reduced sensor density and processing errors may compromise canopy assessments.

Remote sensing (9) · Canopy (7) · Multispectral image (4) · Hyperspectral imaging (4)

Effects of Reduced Terrestrial LiDAR Point Density on High-Resolution Grain Crop Surface Models in Precision Agriculture

Remote sensing with unmanned aircraft systems for precision agriculture applications

View research history
YearShare index
20221354.9
20231412.1
20241636.4
20251027.1
Sprayer Over‑ApplicationCautions · 04

Sprayer Over‑Application

16 papers

16.3% of this theme group

Research highlights the danger of excessive pesticide use due to imprecise boom and nozzle control.

Sprayer (5) · Boom (5) · Nozzle (3) · Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (4)

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Soil Color‐Based Management Zones in Irrigated Maize

Reducing Pesticide Over-Application with Map-Based Automatic Boom Section Control on Agricultural Sprayers

View research history
YearShare index
202210.9
202311.4
20247.3
20257.8

Opportunities

1,481 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Integrated Precision SystemsOpportunities · 01

Integrated Precision Systems

305 papers

20.6% of this theme group

Opportunities focus on combining sensors, robotics, and analytics to enable fully automated indoor farming.

Precision agriculture (275) · Agriculture (160) · Agricultural engineering (41) · Livestock (11)

Devices, systems, and methods for automated monitoring enabling precision agriculture

Remote Sensing: Advancing the Science and the Applications to Transform Agriculture

View research history
YearShare index
2022339.9
2023346.6
2024402.1
2025283.0
Robotic Crop MonitoringOpportunities · 02

Robotic Crop Monitoring

258 papers

17.4% of this theme group

Works explore robot platforms for in‑row and canopy observation, reducing labor and pesticide reliance.

Agriculture (90) · Robot (28) · Sustainability (26) · Pesticide (10)

FARMs: A Geospatial Crop Modeling and Agricultural Water Management System

AgBug: Agricultural Robotic Platform for In-Row and Under Canopy Crop Monitoring and Assessment

View research history
YearShare index
2022503.7
2023548.4
2024594.1
2025728.9
Advanced Spectral SensingOpportunities · 03

Advanced Spectral Sensing

247 papers

16.7% of this theme group

Research promotes UAV and ground‑based hyperspectral imaging for precise weed and stress detection.

Hyperspectral imaging (94) · Multispectral image (87) · Remote sensing (116) · Precision agriculture (136)

Development and Testing of a UAV-Based Multi-Sensor System for Plant Phenotyping and Precision Agriculture

Ground-based hyperspectral remote sensing for weed management in crop production

View research history
YearShare index
20221382.6
20231446.2
20241673.1
20251086.5
Deep Learning for Plant HealthOpportunities · 04

Deep Learning for Plant Health

190 papers

12.8% of this theme group

Studies develop neural models to identify diseases and weeds from image data in indoor environments.

Weed (54) · Convolutional neural network (58) · Plant disease (32) · Pattern recognition (25)

A Mobile-Based System for Detecting Plant Leaf Diseases Using Deep Learning

Deep Learning for Weed Detection and Segmentation in Agricultural Crops Using Images Captured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

View research history
YearShare index
2022558.9
2023531.3
2024360.8
2025504.4
Yield Prediction AnalyticsOpportunities · 05

Yield Prediction Analytics

181 papers

12.2% of this theme group

Papers present data‑driven models linking canopy metrics to crop yield forecasts.

Yield (66) · Crop yield (41) · Canopy (31) · Agronomy (19)

Application of Vegetation Indices for Agricultural Crop Yield Prediction Using Neural Network Techniques

A Precision Agriculture Approach for Durum Wheat Yield Assessment Using Remote Sensing Data and Yield Mapping

View research history
YearShare index
2022175.7
2023172.8
2024148.7
2025208.0
IoT Cloud PlatformsOpportunities · 06

IoT Cloud Platforms

159 papers

10.7% of this theme group

Research highlights cloud‑connected IoT networks for real‑time monitoring and decision support.

Internet of Things (41) · Agriculture (93) · Precision agriculture (88) · Cloud computing (23)

An IoT-enabled AI system for real-time crop prediction using soil and weather data in precision agriculture

Smart Agriculture: IOT-Based Smart Application for Agriculture

View research history
YearShare index
2022722.7
2023731.6
2024872.6
2025780.8
Soil Moisture OptimizationOpportunities · 07

Soil Moisture Optimization

141 papers

9.5% of this theme group

Works focus on precise moisture sensing to guide irrigation and improve water use efficiency.

Water content (50) · Moisture (22) · Soil science (18) · Irrigation (29)

Advanced technologies of soil moisture monitoring in precision agriculture: A Review

A soil moisture‐based framework for guiding the number and location of soil moisture sensors in agricultural fields

View research history
YearShare index
2022251.3
2023237.6
2024191.8
2025140.8

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Promising41.7%37.4%
Breakthrough24.4%26.4%
Descriptive14.2%17.3%
Problem-identifying10.0%9.6%
Comparative5.4%3.9%
Cautionary4.1%4.5%
Critical0.2%1.0%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceSecurity and Privacy in Smart Farming: Challenges and Opportunities130.59%3 (23.1%)0.37%
Bias & fairnessSelection of Hyperspectral Narrowbands (HNBs) and Composition of Hyperspectral Twoband Vegetation Indices (HVIs) for Bio60.27%0 (0.0%)0.15%
Energy & datacenter footprintExploring Green AI Integration for Enhanced Crop Yield and Forest Management: A Sustainable Vision20.09%0 (0.0%)0.06%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainRobotic Solutions for Sustainable Harvesting Using AI and IoT for Reducing Labor and Resource Waste in Farming10.05%0 (0.0%)0.03%
Safety & misuseAnalysis on Data by Deterioration Ambiguity Technique Using Data Analysis for Agriculture10.05%0 (0.0%)0.01%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Carbon & emissions of compute00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Labour & data work00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Concentration of compute power00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT

Where companies are based

Company counts, hiring and disclosed funding across the recorded hubs.

Expand panel +
8 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Indoor and Vertical Farming in the United States: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

Company ecosystem snapshot: 1 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon