Italy’s
industrial goods and manufacturing industry,
in focus.

Construction‑focused 3D printing challenges

26.8% of this theme group

Researchers highlight difficulties in printing systems, material properties, and process integration for building and construction applications.

3D printing (650) · 3d model (87) · Manufacturing engineering (129) · Architectural engineering (44)

Bibliographic analysis on 3D printing in the building and construction industry: Printing systems, material properties, challenges, and futu

Improving printed products manufacturing technology using 3D printing

Nanocomposite and multi‑material printing limits

23.3% of this theme group

Studies point to obstacles in aligning nanoparticles, fabricating composites, and achieving functional performance with advanced 3D printing.

3D printing (474) · Nanotechnology (88) · Composite material (57) · Fabrication (65)

Increasing the functionalities of 3D printed microchemical devices by single material, multimaterial, and print-pause-print 3D printing

3D Printing‐Enabled Nanoparticle Alignment: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications

Medical and pharmaceutical printing hurdles

13.5% of this theme group

Works discuss material safety, regulatory compliance, and precision issues when applying 3D printing to health‑care devices.

3D printing (322) · 3d printed (105) · Medical physics (26) · Health care (26)

A Review of 3D Printing Technology for Medical Applications

3D PRINTING IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: A SPECIAL CONSIDERATION ON MEDICAL DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Aerospace additive manufacturing constraints

11.6% of this theme group

Papers note material certification, reliability, and scalability problems for aerospace parts produced by 3D printing.

3D printing (203) · Manufacturing engineering (85) · Aerospace (47) · Production (25)

On the Evolution of Additive Manufacturing (3D/4D Printing) Technologies: Materials, Applications, and Challenges

Additive manufacturing for Aerospace

Bioprinting tissue scaffold difficulties

9.8% of this theme group

Research flags challenges in bio‑ink formulation, cell viability, and structural fidelity for 3D‑printed tissue engineering.

Tissue engineering (68) · Scaffold (42) · Nanotechnology (101) · 3D bioprinting (47)

Development of 3D bioprinting: From printing methods to biomedical applications

3D printing in biomedical engineering: Processes, materials, and applications

Fused deposition modeling defects

7.8% of this theme group

Authors report common flaws, post‑processing needs, and performance gaps in FDM‑produced polymers and composites.

Fused deposition modeling (138) · Fused filament fabrication (52) · Deposition (43) · 3D printing (125)

Failures and Flaws in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additively Manufactured Polymers and Composites

An Overview of Post-Processing of Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printed Products

Selective laser melting stress and defects

7.1% of this theme group

Studies identify residual stress, microstructure irregularities, and defect formation as key issues in laser‑based metal printing.

Selective laser melting (157) · Laser (42) · Microstructure (36) · Residual stress (26)

Review of selective laser melting of magnesium alloys: advantages, microstructure and mechanical characterizations, defects, challenges, and

Selective Laser Melting of Aluminum and Its Alloys

Process‑parameter impact on printed part quality

21.8% of this theme group

Researchers caution that slicer settings and extrusion methods significantly affect mechanical and micro‑structural outcomes.

3D printing (218) · 3d printed (83) · Stereolithography (42) · Extrusion (45)

INFLUENCE OF SLICER SOFTWARE USED WITH 3D PRINTING FILAMENT EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY ON PROPERTIES OF PRINTED PARTS WITH SHORT FIBER REINFORCED

Microscale 3D Printed Pillars and Porous Polymeric Structures: Manufacturability and Micromechanics

Supply‑chain and production integration risks

21.4% of this theme group

Works warn about logistical, scalability, and workflow challenges when embedding 3D printing into manufacturing supply chains.

3D printing (312) · 3d printed (85) · Supply chain (17) · Production (23)

Three-Dimensional Printing Surgical Applications.

Applications of Three-Dimensional Printing in Surgery

Laser‑based metal printing stress concerns

15.2% of this theme group

Papers highlight residual stress and surface roughness as critical factors limiting reliability of selective laser melted parts.

Selective laser melting (221) · Laser (56) · Residual stress (38) · Surface roughness (37)

Numerical investigation of residual stresses in thin-walled additively manufactured structures from selective laser melting

Corrosion Testing of a Heat Treated 316 L Functional Part Produced by Selective Laser Melting

Mechanical performance variability in printed polymers

11.8% of this theme group

Studies emphasize how printing parameters drive tensile, flexural, and hardness variations in polymeric 3D‑printed components.

Ultimate tensile strength (97) · Composite material (112) · Flexural strength (19) · Extrusion (32)

The influence of 3D printing process parameters on the mechanical performance of PLA polymer and its correlation with hardness

The influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed TPU-based elastomers

Hybrid material deposition complexities

10.8% of this theme group

Researchers note difficulties in achieving uniformity and bonding when combining polymers with metals via fused deposition.

Fused deposition modeling (118) · Deposition (41) · Fused filament fabrication (39) · 3D printing (77)

Recent Developments in Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing of Polymers and Their Composites

Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing of Polymer-Metal Hybrid Materials by Fused Deposition Modeling

Porosity and inspection challenges in metal prints

10.4% of this theme group

Works caution that porosity control and non‑destructive testing remain problematic for laser‑powder‑bed fabricated metals.

Fusion (25) · Porosity (22) · Raw material (9) · Fabrication (20)

Comparison of the porosity and mechanical performance of 316L stainless steel manufactured on different laser powder bed fusion metal additi

Assessing the results of ultrasonic testing of additive manufactured parts with alternative methods

Alloy microstructure control in laser melting

8.6% of this theme group

Studies point to inconsistent microstructures and strength outcomes when processing advanced alloys with selective laser melting.

Microstructure (122) · Selective laser melting (100) · Alloy (45) · Ultimate tensile strength (49)

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC-Reinforced 316L Stainless Steel Composites Fabricated Using Selective Laser Melting

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of A7075 Alloy with Additional Si Objects Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Broad manufacturing expansion of 3D printing

21.1% of this theme group

Authors explore new printer designs and process innovations that enable diverse industrial applications beyond prototyping.

3D printing (1,055) · Manufacturing engineering (123) · 3d printer (126) · 3d printed (217)

3D printing for clothing production

3D Printing Technologies

Smart hydrogels and microfluidic printing

20.8% of this theme group

Research highlights self‑healing, adhesive, and functional hydrogel structures created through advanced 3D printing techniques.

Nanotechnology (268) · 3D printing (709) · Self-healing hydrogels (144) · Microfluidics (128)

3D\nPrinting Method for Tough Multifunctional Particle-Based\nDouble-Network Hydrogels

3D Printing of Interpenetrating\nNetwork Flexible Hydrogels\nwith Enhancement of Adhesiveness

Biomedical and tissue engineering breakthroughs

13.9% of this theme group

Papers describe novel printing materials and methods that advance orthopaedic implants and personalized medical devices.

3D printing (606) · 3d printed (261) · Biomedical engineering (115) · Tissue engineering (80)

A Review of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology for Medical Applications

3D Printing Materials and Technologies for Orthopaedic Applications

Tailored alloy microstructures via laser melting

12.7% of this theme group

Studies showcase the ability to design specific micro‑features and properties in metal parts using selective laser processes.

Selective laser melting (647) · Microstructure (228) · Alloy (153) · Laser (163)

Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing of TiC/AlSi10Mg Bulk-form Nanocomposites with Tailored Microstructures and Properties

Selective laser melting: A unit cell approach for the manufacture of porous, titanium, bone in‐growth constructs, suitable for orthopedic ap

High‑performance composite printing advances

11.4% of this theme group

Research focuses on optimizing reinforcement, strength, and flexibility in carbon‑fiber and polymer composite prints.

Composite material (350) · Composite number (144) · Ultimate tensile strength (154) · 3D printing (340)

Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polylactide Composites

3D printing of composites: design parameters and flexural performance

Custom component replacement and wearable fabrication

11.4% of this theme group

Works illustrate additive manufacturing’s role in producing bespoke automotive parts and flexible biomedical devices.

Fabrication (128) · 3D printing (187) · Fusion (31) · Extrusion (60)

Additive Manufacturing: Additive Manufacturing of Biomechanically Tailored Meshes for Compliant Wearable and Implantable Devices (Adv. Funct

A Survey of the Use of Additive Fabrication in Component Replacement and Customised Automotive Modifications

FDM for analytical and high‑performance devices

8.6% of this theme group

Authors present fused deposition modeling as a versatile platform for creating bio‑analytical tools and durable thermoplastic components.

Fused deposition modeling (390) · Deposition (120) · Fused filament fabrication (100) · 3D printing (190)

Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing for (Bio)analytical Device Fabrication: Procedures, Materials, and Applications

Additive manufacturing of the high-performance thermoplastics: Experimental study and numerical simulation of the Fused Filament Fabrication

Milan

20.3% across the displayed hubs

1 companies hiring · $245.1M disclosed funding

Brescia

15.5% across the displayed hubs

4 companies hiring · $24.4M disclosed funding

Modena

13.9% across the displayed hubs

3 companies hiring · $739.1K disclosed funding

Bologna

12.3% across the displayed hubs

3 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding

Bergamo

11.2% across the displayed hubs

0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding

Milano

11.2% across the displayed hubs

0 companies hiring · $21.7K disclosed funding

Turin

10.2% across the displayed hubs

3 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding

Vicenza

5.3% across the displayed hubs

0 companies hiring · $0 disclosed funding