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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE SAN FRANCISCO EDITION 2026

San Francisco’s
fintech industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping fintech in San Francisco. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Fintech Industry Landscape of San Francisco
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Fintech illustration
Companies tracked 1,205Fintech ecosystem in San Francisco Disclosed funding $75.69B525 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 117With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 3437 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore San Francisco’s fintech leaders

20 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Fintech company highlights in San Francisco, snapshot 5 August 2026
Company
Stripestripe.com$10.06B13 roles5,904—
Tauliataulia.com$6.22B—185—
Prosperprosper.com$5.49B—360Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
SoFisofi.com$3.19B11 roles3,066—
Chimechime.com$3.15B—1,604$2.19BFYFY2025 filing
Squaresquareup.com$2.71B—9,358$3.21BFYFY2018 filing
Coinbasecoinbase.com$1.8B12 roles3,416$7.18BFYFY2025 filing
Affirmaffirm.com$1.77B—2,171$1.11BFYFY2025 filing
Airwallexairwallex.com—13 roles1,400—
Anaplananaplan.com—13 roles2,405$592.18MFYFY2022 filing
Interface AIinterface.ai—10 roles131—
FurtherAIfurtherai.com—8 roles——
SelectQuoteselectquote.com—8 roles2,035$1.53BFYFY2025 filing
CoverSelfcoverself.com——70Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Floatfloat.co——11—
Flutterwaveflutterwave.com——750Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Lending Clublendingclub.com——1,194$604.23MFYFY2019 filing
NerdWalletnerdwallet.com——730$836.6MFYFY2025 filing
Plumplumlending.com——7—
Varovaromoney.com——816—
20 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only
THE KEY SIGNALS

Fintech industry KPIs in San Francisco

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

5 August 2026
Hiring participation9.7%

117 of 1,205 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation47.4%

571 of 1,205 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share28.8%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$10M

Midpoint of 1,189 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 28.8% of disclosed capital, while 52.6% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How San Francisco fintech has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

San Francisco fintech
$0$5.32B$10.65B$15.97B$21.3B2016: $1.86B20162017: $6.94B20172018: $4.54B20182019: $6.92B20192020: $6.76B20202021: $18.68B20212022: $4.53B20222023: $9.29B20232024: $3.36B20242025: $4.96B2025
View the numbers
Annual fintech funding and company formation in San Francisco
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$1.86B7353
2017$6.94B7871
2018$4.54B6993
2019$6.92B68103
2020$6.76B97112
2021$18.68B107157
2022$4.53B81120
2023$9.29B7987
2024$3.36B8687
2025$4.96B4191
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Stripe13.3%
  • Taulia8.2%
  • Prosper7.3%
  • Other companies71.2%

Funding by stage

1,384 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel513 37.1%
Series A–B497 35.9%
Series C+ / PE213 15.4%
Grants, debt & other161 11.6%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
8 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Conventional Debt05/2026
Ripple $200M

Backed by Neuberger Berman Specialty Finance.

Series D05/2026
Mercury $200M

Backed by TCV and Andreessen Horowitz and others.

Series B05/2026
Corgi $160M

Backed by TCV and Oliver Jung and others.

Series A05/2026
Outmarket $17M

Backed by Permanent Capital and SignalFire and others.

Seed05/2026
Astrada $3.8M

Backed by Bain Capital Ventures and QED Investors and others.

Conventional Debt05/2026
Parafin —

Backed by SVB and EverBank and others.

Series C04/2026
Slash $100M

Backed by Ribbit Capital and Khosla Ventures and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series I03/2023
Stripestripe.com$6.87B

Backed by Thrive Capital and Andreessen Horowitz and others.

Series F08/2021
Chimechime.com$1.1B

Backed by Sequoia Capital and SoftBank Vision Fund and others.

Series E09/2015
SoFisofi.com$1B

Backed by Third Point Ventures and Wellington and others.

Series E12/2019
Chimechime.com$700M

Backed by DST Global and Menlo Ventures and others.

Series I04/2024
Stripestripe.com$694.16M

Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.

Series G03/2020
Stripestripe.com$631M

Backed by Andreessen Horowitz and General Catalyst and others.

Series E04/2025
Plaidplaid.com$575M

Backed by Fidelity Investments and BlackRock and others.

Series E09/2020
Chimechime.com$533.83M

Backed by Coatue and Tiger Global Management and others.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 7 reporting entities from 13 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not San Francisco market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 7 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 7 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

7 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
SAN FRANCISCO · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does fintech compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the San Francisco companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

50 of the 1,205 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (4.1%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 615,356 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
Stripestripe.com190,046,7167950.3%
Tremendoustremendous.com65,064,4564798.1%
Cash Appcash.app50,380,1886992.2%
Credit Karmacreditkarma.com44,062,4677582.8%
Chimechime.com41,349,3286296.2%
SoFisofi.com40,135,3587285.4%
Affirmaffirm.com28,509,3296685.3%
Coinbasecoinbase.com26,496,8038156.1%
NerdWalletnerdwallet.com23,849,2727980%
Supersuper.com23,418,0264992.3%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

122 of these companies (10.1%) publish at least one Android app — 164 apps in all, carrying 425.2M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
Cash AppCash App140.3M4.7Finance
Intuit Credit KarmaCredit Karma60M4.7Finance
Coinbase: Buy Crypto & StocksCoinbase58.5M4.4Finance
Chime® – Fee-Free BankingChime41.1M4.7Finance
Base: Built to Trade & EarnCoinbase20M4.1Finance
Affirm: Buy now, pay over timeAffirm17.3M4.8Shopping
Xoom: Send Money & TransferXoom9.4M4.8Finance
Chipper CashChipper Cash9M4.3Finance
Varo Bank: Online BankingVaro7.6M4.5Finance
SoFi: Bank, Investing & CryptoSoFi6.7M3.8Finance

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2024Q1–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Payments68175MCash App 140.3M
Digital Remittance12161.5MXoom: Send Money & Transfer 9.4M
Alternative Lending38103.9MIntuit Credit Karma 60M
Cryptocurrencies1082.8MCoinbase: Buy Crypto & Stocks 58.5M
Banking Tech1954.4MChime® – Fee-Free Banking 41.1M
Forex Tech89.8MCurrency Converter 6.4M
Investment Tech279.3MOANDA - Forex trading broker 1.9M
Internet First Insurance Platforms94MNerdWallet: Smart Money App 2.3M

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2023Q2: 22023Q2: 12023Q22023Q3: 42023Q3: 12023Q32023Q4: 32023Q4: 02023Q42024Q1: 42024Q1: 02024Q12024Q2: 22024Q2: 12024Q22024Q3: 62024Q3: 42024Q32024Q4: 22024Q4: 12024Q42025Q1: 72025Q1: 42025Q12025Q2: 52025Q2: 22025Q22025Q3: 82025Q3: 102025Q32025Q4: 82025Q4: 112025Q42026Q1: 22026Q1: 182026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 150 of 164 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The San Francisco fintech market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Enterprise tech673
Consumer digital532
Enterprise software385
Saas215
Blockchain in financial services181
Nbfc lenders158
Fintech saas117
Marketplaces105
Business payments solutions105
Crypto trading platforms86
Web 3.076
Commerce enablers70

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Enterprise tech

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

673companies
11.3%have hiring activity

76 companies hiring · $55.26B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription889
Commission on transaction607
Lending157
Fee-for-service131
E-commerce - service128
Advertising37
E-commerce - product23
Freemium10
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Mergers & acquisitionsbullish.com ↗

Bullish has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Equiniti, a leading global transfer agent serving nearly 3,000 issuer clients.

Mergers & acquisitionsnewfront.com ↗

Willis Towers Watson (WTW) has detailed its artificial intelligence strategy following its acquisition of Newfront

Funding roundssocotra.com ↗

Socotra was founded by Dan Woods and has raised nearly $1 million across seven funding rounds, with backers including Insight partners, Andreessen Horowitz, Nationwide Ventures and 8VC.

Funding roundszamp.finance ↗

Zamp has now raised a total of $21M in total equity funding and is backed by Acrew Capital and Thomson Reuters Ventures.

IPO activityflutterwave.com ↗

the strategic commitment forms a core component of Flutterwave’s planned US$250 million Initial Public Offering (IPO) on the Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX).

Mergers & acquisitionssynctera.com ↗

Synctera has acquired Cable, a financial automated control testing software specialist, in a tech M&A deal.

Funding roundsjoinslash.com ↗

Slash has now raised a total of $160M in total equity funding and is backed by Goodwater Capital, Khosla Ventures, New Enterprise Associates, Ribbit Capital, and Y Combinator.

Mergers & acquisitionsmosey.com ↗

Gusto, a leading provider of payroll, benefits, and HR solutions for small businesses, today announced it has acquired Mosey, a leading AI-powered business compliance platform.

Funding roundsfelixpago.com ↗

Felix closed a $1.7 million seed round led by XYZ Venture Capital to advance its hyperautomation infrastructure for legal, finance, and insurance professionals.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 1,237 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Earnings
240
Funding rounds
220
Leadership moves
184
Mergers & acquisitions
151
New products
130
Company announcements
101
Regulatory
41
Contracts
41
Capital infusions
34
Asset acquisitions
31
7 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

75 tracked people moves

SoFi ↗
Vivian Tu

Appointment Chief of Financial Empowerment

Aura ↗
Brian DeCenzo

Promotion Chief Financial Officer and President

Airwallex ↗
Carolyn Renzin

Appointment Chief Regulatory and Compliance Officer

Visa ↗
Sandeep Ghosh

Departure Previously Group Country Manager for India

Visa ↗
Suresh Sethi

Appointment Group Country Manager for India and South Asia

AtoB ↗
Harshita Arora

Resignation Previously Co-founder

Kikoff ↗
John Kaelle

Appointment Chief Financial Officer

Kikoff ↗
Robert Mahnke

Appointment Chief Legal Officer

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

CyberCube ↗
Regional Risk Transfer Benchmarking tool

Feature

Float ↗
Transaction coding agent

AI transaction coding

Float ↗
Float Intelligence

AI automation layer

Airwallex ↗
point-of-sale product

Payments

Stripe ↗
Agent-compatible payment tools

Payments

Airwallex ↗
POS product

Product

Felix ↗
AI workflow platform

AI workflow platform

kWh Analyt ↗
data-sharing pilot program

Data Sharing / Risk Modeling

Contract wins

16 recorded customer wins

Naehas ↗

Customer: top-ten U.S. credit unionFinancial services

Naehas ↗

Customer: major Canadian retail bankFinancial services

Stripe ↗

Customer: mercorFintech

Visa ↗

Customer: canary wharf groupReal Estate

Surefyre ↗

Customer: specialty program groupInsurance technology

Visa ↗

Customer: tink

Workforce actions

7 companies with reported reductions

Coinbase ↗

660 rolescost reduction

Stripe ↗

14.0% rolesoverhiring

Varo ↗

10.0% rolesbusiness downturn

Flutterwave ↗

50.0% rolescost reduction

Affirm ↗

140 rolescost reduction

Visa ↗

1,400 rolesstreamline international business

Regulatory events

55 recorded events

Flutterwave ↗

licensing granted

Flutterwave ↗

Banking license grantedCentral Bank of Nigeria

Coinbase ↗

conditionally approved for National Trust Company CharterOffice of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)

Goldsky ↗

approved creation of Agnico Eagle as Control PersonTSX Venture Exchange

Litigation

18 tracked suits

Company
coinbase v Andreessen

stockholder derivative action denialCivil · Verdict

Company
Adam Grabski, coinbase v Andreessen

stockholder derivative actionCivil · Ongoing

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

25companies
263period observations
24.2%median reported growth

Median across 187 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
Bullish→equinitiAnnounced2026-05-05$4.2B
willis towers watson→Newfront ↗Completed2026-05-04Not stated in snapshot
phenom→Plum ↗Announced2026-05-01Not stated in snapshot
Schwab Intelligent Portfolio→td ameritradeCompleted2026-04-20Not stated in snapshot
Synctera→cable2026-04-18Not stated in snapshot
beazley→kWh Analyt ↗Announced2026-04-13Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

10,917 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 14,718-posting snapshot covers 296 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Security208
Financial Consultant193
Sales Associate/Stock147
Assistant Manager/Co Manager136
Client Success Associate (Entry Level, Remote)97
Airport Ramp Agent86
8 internship postings

772 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

5,819 postings specify a level.

unspecified
8,899
manager
2,701
senior
2,139
lead
683
entry
183
intern
113

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 14,718 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Python
245
Sql
227
Typescript
124
React
110
Aws
107
Excel
93
Salesforce
92
Microsoft Office
90
Fintech
89
Javascript
77
ADVERTISED PAY$115.0K/ year

Median across 1,042 postings with pay data, expressed in USD.

Salary by seniority

manager$127.6K/ year213 postings
senior$136.8K/ year98 postings
lead$150.7K/ year83 postings

Advertised posting medians do not describe all employees or roles.

THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

1,012 founders and chief executives across 624 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

333 profiles with education records.

Stanford University
106
University of California (Berkeley)
36
University of Pennsylvania
29
Harvard University
26
Stanford Business School
25
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
18
Carnegie Mellon University
17
Wharton School
16

Prior employers

128 profiles with prior-work records.

Google
25
Microsoft
20
Facebook
16
McKinsey
14
Goldman Sachs
11
Paypal
8
Uber
8
Amazon
7

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

16,073 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
16,073articles in the measured year
3,823articles in 2026Q1
72.8%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Fintech coverage tagged San Francisco · articles per complete quarter

01,5123,0244,5366,0482021Q2: 3,3392021Q22021Q3: 4,0542021Q4: 3,0582022Q1: 4,6492022Q2: 3,9322022Q22022Q3: 3,4982022Q4: 3,7582023Q1: 4,7192023Q2: 5,2592023Q22023Q3: 4,0712023Q4: 3,9482024Q1: 4,5992024Q2: 3,7982024Q22024Q3: 4,5412024Q4: 3,9372025Q1: 5,1282025Q2: 3,8792025Q22025Q3: 4,4802025Q4: 3,3542026Q1: 3,8232026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q23,339
2021Q34,054
2021Q43,058
2022Q14,649
2022Q23,932
2022Q33,498
2022Q43,758
2023Q14,719
2023Q25,259
2023Q34,071
2023Q43,948
2024Q14,599
2024Q23,798
2024Q34,541
2024Q43,937
2025Q15,128
2025Q23,879
2025Q34,480
2025Q43,354
2026Q13,823

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
9,569 positive · 84 neutral · 2,671 negative
2022
11,459 positive · 144 neutral · 4,221 negative
2023
11,333 positive · 164 neutral · 6,479 negative
2024
11,669 positive · 140 neutral · 5,050 negative
2025
12,230 positive · 157 neutral · 4,422 negative

Leading coverage topics

Fintech coverage tagged San Francisco · ranked by full-period article count.

Cryptocurrency Impact On Forex Markets256,685 articles in the full recorded period
81,231 recent · 57,779 prior
Economic Indicators (Gdp, Cpi, Unemployment)85,368 articles in the full recorded period
23,344 recent · 21,792 prior
Trade Wars And Geopolitical Impacts83,564 articles in the full recorded period
27,512 recent · 23,590 prior
Interest Rate Decisions And Impacts72,480 articles in the full recorded period
18,840 recent · 16,113 prior
Central Bank Monetary Policy Announcements65,419 articles in the full recorded period
15,959 recent · 14,566 prior
Federal Reserve Policy Meeting Summaries64,366 articles in the full recorded period
16,609 recent · 14,246 prior
Global Recession Risks And Forecasts63,436 articles in the full recorded period
20,317 recent · 18,051 prior
Regulatory Compliance In Foreign Exchange Trading50,230 articles in the full recorded period
15,481 recent · 8,370 prior
Foreign Exchange (Forex) Rate Fluctuations49,040 articles in the full recorded period
15,924 recent · 11,344 prior
Quarterly And Annual Financial Results48,582 articles in the full recorded period
14,823 recent · 11,621 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

United States comparison coverage

KeywordRecentPriorChange
stablecoin fx impact13,4346,005124%
stock price9,6904,499115%
investment deal7,3751,414422%
decentralized forex6,9863,54997%
etf trading6,4383,27597%
share price5,7112,242155%
etfs5,6292,88895%
forex liquidity5,3763,54852%
sector etfs5,3602,78792%
etf structures4,9852,54596%
flood stage forecasting11910,236-99%
hydrologic risk modeling2610,145-100%
coastal flooding study1214,687-97%
flood control measures863,644-98%
severe weather warning3403,275-90%

Event and signal lenses

United States comparison coverage

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

1,276,365 classified articles

economic slowdown, stock performance, currency intervention policies

49.0% critical · 33.8% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

268,477 classified articles

inflation reports fx, currency intervention policies, trade deficits fx

37.5% critical · 48.9% positive
Rising

Growth

402,987 classified articles

gdp growth forex, inflation reports fx, trade deficits fx

43.1% critical · 39.1% positive

Fintech coverage tagged San Francisco. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Fintech research is working on

907 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
907papers
13,825worldwide comparison pool
907India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Promising
328
Problem-identifying
180
Descriptive
177
Breakthrough
97
Cautionary
88
Comparative
24
Critical
13

Contribution mix

Empirical
377
Reviews
209
Methods-led
156
Position pieces
151
Theoretical
14

Tone counts: 834 positive · 6 neutral · 67 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
193 papers · 21.3% of this field
  • Financial services116 papers
  • FinTech75 papers
  • Financial inclusion37 papers
  • Payment21 papers
  • Data breach12 papers
  • Retail banking11 papers
  • Cryptocurrency10 papers
  • Investment10 papers

Landmark: Fintech and Financial Services : Initial Considerations

Cautions
88 papers · 9.7% of this field
  • Financial services51 papers
  • Financial inclusion22 papers
  • FinTech22 papers
  • Big data12 papers
  • Transformative learning12 papers
  • Payment11 papers
  • Corporate governance11 papers
  • Financial market10 papers

Landmark: The FinTech Opportunity

Opportunities
425 papers · 46.9% of this field
  • Financial services217 papers
  • FinTech120 papers
  • Financial inclusion82 papers
  • Payment58 papers
  • Database transaction46 papers
  • Transformative learning44 papers
  • Financial literacy34 papers
  • Transparency30 papers

Landmark: Fintech Adoption Drivers for Innovation for SMEs in Indonesia

Leading institutions

Columbia University
667
National Bureau of Economic Research
654
Cornell University
653
New York University
643
California University of Pennsylvania
623
International Monetary Fund
307

Leading researchers

Itay Goldstein
621
Wei Jiang
621
George Andrew Karolyi
621
Thomas Philippon
433
Andrei Kirilenko
214
Andrew W. Lo
214
Vikram Haksar
207
Dong He
198

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • E.T.-RNN87 citations
  • Evolutionary Approaches and the Construction of Technology-Driven Regulations79 citations
  • Eagle Strategy Arithmetic Optimisation Algorithm with Optimal Deep Convolutional Forest Based FinTech Application for Hyper-automation32 citations
  • FinTech and consumers: a systematic review and integrative framework28 citations
  • Blockchain technology and real-time auditing: Transforming financial transparency and fraud detection in the Fintech industry12 citations

Common problems researchers identify

893 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Mobile Payments Adoption BarriersCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Mobile Payments Adoption Barriers

184 papers

20.6% of this theme group

Researchers examine why consumers and merchants hesitate to adopt mobile payment solutions.

Mobile payment (125) · Payment (101) · Cash (23) · Mobile phone (16)

Determinants of Mobile Payments: An Empirical Analysis

Mobile Payments at the Retail Point of Sale in the United States: Prospects for Adoption

View research history
YearShare index
2022698.8
2023654.9
2024785.7
2025864.1
Financial Crime Detection ChallengesCommon problems researchers identify · 02

Financial Crime Detection Challenges

169 papers

18.9% of this theme group

Papers highlight difficulties in spotting money laundering and fraud using current analytical tools.

Money laundering (27) · Audit (15) · Compliance (17) · Financial fraud (8)

Graph Computing for Financial Crime and Fraud Detection: Trends, Challenges and Outlook

A Systematic Review of Machine Learning in Credit Card Fraud Detection Under Original Class Imbalance

View research history
YearShare index
2022743.3
2023720.0
2024783.1
20251024.3
Inclusion and Regulation TensionsCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Inclusion and Regulation Tensions

158 papers

17.7% of this theme group

Studies discuss how fintech growth clashes with regulatory frameworks and inclusion goals.

Financial services (95) · FinTech (57) · Financial inclusion (33) · Financial regulation (9)

FINANCIAL INCLUSION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW OF TRENDS IN EMERGING MARKETS

Digital Banking and Fintech Disruption: A Systematic Review of Financial Innovation

View research history
YearShare index
2022533.2
2023586.1
2024645.7
20251018.9
High‑Frequency Trading Market ImpactCommon problems researchers identify · 04

High‑Frequency Trading Market Impact

129 papers

14.4% of this theme group

Works explore how algorithmic trading affects market stability, efficiency, and oversight.

Algorithmic trading (55) · High-frequency trading (48) · Trading strategy (25) · Electronic trading (13)

High-Frequency Trading and Its Impact on Markets

High-Frequency Trading: <i>Implications for Markets,</i><i>Regulators, and Efficiency</i>

View research history
YearShare index
202232.6
202331.8
202425.3
202539.6
Payment Systems in HealthcareCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Payment Systems in Healthcare

114 papers

12.8% of this theme group

Analyses focus on inefficiencies and reform needs in medical reimbursement and payment models.

Payment (111) · Payment system (52) · Health care (26) · Reimbursement (19)

Reforming the Primary Care Physician Payment System

Payment and Delivery-System Reform — The Next Phase

View research history
YearShare index
2022735.6
2023708.4
2024839.8
2025935.9
Portfolio Optimization LimitsCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Portfolio Optimization Limits

96 papers

10.8% of this theme group

Researchers question the practicality of modern portfolio theory under real‑world forecasting constraints.

Portfolio (94) · Portfolio optimization (37) · Modern portfolio theory (26) · Diversification (17)

In Defense of Portfolio Optimization: What If We Can Forecast?

Risk minimization and portfolio diversification

View research history
YearShare index
2022315.4
2023306.5
2024224.6
2025345.5
Insider Trading Legal ComplexitiesCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Insider Trading Legal Complexities

43 papers

4.8% of this theme group

Papers dissect legal definitions and enforcement challenges surrounding insider information misuse.

Insider trading (42) · Insider (17) · Alternative trading system (23) · Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (8)

Information, Privilege, Opportunity, and Insider Trading

The Law of Insider Trading: Legal Theories, Common Defenses, and Best Practices for Ensuring Compliance

View research history
YearShare index
202218.5
202316.0
202410.9
202516.4

Cautions

406 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Algorithmic Trading Liquidity RisksCautions · 01

Algorithmic Trading Liquidity Risks

109 papers

26.8% of this theme group

Authors warn that automated strategies may erode market liquidity and amplify volatility.

Algorithmic trading (52) · High-frequency trading (37) · Trading strategy (18) · Market liquidity (20)

Computerized and High‐Frequency Trading

Banking and Trading

View research history
YearShare index
202232.6
202331.8
202425.3
202539.6
Mobile Money Inclusion PitfallsCautions · 02

Mobile Money Inclusion Pitfalls

63 papers

15.5% of this theme group

Studies caution that mobile payment rollouts can increase transaction costs and expose users to new risks.

Mobile payment (44) · Payment (28) · Financial inclusion (16) · Mobile banking (5)

Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya's Mobile Money Revolution

Innovations in emerging markets: the case of mobile money

View research history
YearShare index
2022664.7
2023656.5
2024839.9
20251020.2
Portfolio Choice UncertaintyCautions · 03

Portfolio Choice Uncertainty

62 papers

15.3% of this theme group

Research highlights the difficulty of reliably optimizing asset mixes amid stochastic market conditions.

Portfolio (56) · Portfolio optimization (28) · Diversification (15) · Asset allocation (12)

Stochastic optimization of retirement portfolio asset allocations and withdrawals

An Experimental Examination of Portfolio Choice

View research history
YearShare index
2022317.9
2023308.8
2024226.8
2025346.2
Fintech’s Complex Inclusion EffectsCautions · 04

Fintech’s Complex Inclusion Effects

54 papers

13.3% of this theme group

Analyses stress that fintech may create unintended disparities despite its promise for broader access.

Financial services (32) · FinTech (20) · Financial inclusion (21) · Big data (7)

The Complex Implications of Fintech for Financial Inclusion

Leveraging Fintech for Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies – A Policy Perspective

View research history
YearShare index
2022533.2
2023586.1
2024645.7
20251018.9
Bias in Fraud Detection SystemsCautions · 05

Bias in Fraud Detection Systems

51 papers

12.6% of this theme group

Papers point out ethical and accuracy concerns when AI models are used for financial crime screening.

Financial fraud (6) · Computer security (9) · Audit (6) · Accounting (5)

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Bias In Finance: Toward Responsible Innovation

A Review on Financial Fraud Detection using AI and Machine Learning

View research history
YearShare index
20221506.8
20231510.8
20241550.0
20251481.0
Digital Currency Adoption ConcernsCautions · 06

Digital Currency Adoption Concerns

42 papers

10.3% of this theme group

Researchers discuss regulatory, security, and stability issues surrounding cryptocurrencies and virtual tokens.

Payment (32) · Digital currency (9) · Cryptocurrency (9) · Virtual currency (5)

Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance

Digital Payment and Its Discontents

View research history
YearShare index
2022860.7
2023831.5
2024980.7
20251216.6
Prospective Payment Model RisksCautions · 07

Prospective Payment Model Risks

25 papers

6.2% of this theme group

Works examine potential distortions and fairness problems in forward‑looking reimbursement schemes.

Prospective payment system (9) · Payment (23) · Payment system (10) · Reimbursement (6)

Strategic Patient Discharge: The Case of Long-Term Care Hospitals

The Medicare hospice payment system: a consideration of potential refinements.

View research history
YearShare index
2022586.9
2023557.7
2024713.3
2025796.1

Opportunities

2,757 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Advanced Portfolio Optimization TechniquesOpportunities · 01

Advanced Portfolio Optimization Techniques

821 papers

29.8% of this theme group

Studies propose machine‑learning and entropy‑based methods to improve portfolio construction.

Portfolio (763) · Portfolio optimization (448) · Modern portfolio theory (90) · Econometrics (185)

Machine Learning and Portfolio Optimization

An Entropy-Based Approach to Portfolio Optimization

View research history
YearShare index
2022315.4
2023306.5
2024224.6
2025345.5
Graph‑Based Fraud Detection AdvancesOpportunities · 02

Graph‑Based Fraud Detection Advances

554 papers

20.1% of this theme group

Research showcases scalable AI models that enhance detection of complex financial fraud patterns.

Financial fraud (54) · Graph (55) · Database transaction (105) · Computer security (96)

Fraud Detection using Machine Learning

Advancing Financial Security with Scalable AI: Explainable Machine Learning Models for Transaction Fraud Detection

View research history
YearShare index
2022199.4
2023181.1
2024119.9
2025234.7
Machine‑Learning Enhanced Trading StrategiesOpportunities · 03

Machine‑Learning Enhanced Trading Strategies

401 papers

14.5% of this theme group

Papers present novel algorithms that boost performance of high‑frequency and pair‑trading approaches.

Algorithmic trading (177) · Trading strategy (145) · High-frequency trading (80) · Pairs trade (40)

Algorithmic Trading Strategies: Leveraging Machine Learning Models for Enhanced Performance in the US Stock Market

Extracting the multi-timescale activity patterns of online financial markets

View research history
YearShare index
202232.6
202331.8
202425.3
202539.6
Secure Mobile Payment ExperiencesOpportunities · 04

Secure Mobile Payment Experiences

380 papers

13.8% of this theme group

Works explore methods to increase user trust and continuous adoption of mobile fintech payments.

Mobile payment (184) · Payment (233) · Payment system (48) · Marketing (30)

An Empirical Study of the Impacts of Perceived Security and Knowledge on Continuous Intention to Use Mobile Fintech Payment Services

Assurance on the reliability of mobile payment system and its effects on its' use: An empirical examination

View research history
YearShare index
2022595.2
2023565.3
2024723.5
2025818.2
Fintech‑Driven Financial LiteracyOpportunities · 05

Fintech‑Driven Financial Literacy

302 papers

11.0% of this theme group

Studies investigate how digital tools can raise financial knowledge and broaden service accessibility.

Financial services (145) · FinTech (95) · Financial inclusion (67) · Financial literacy (29)

The Future of Finance: Fintech and Digital Transformation

The integration of big data in finTech: Review of enhancing financial services through advanced technologies

View research history
YearShare index
2022533.2
2023586.1
2024645.7
20251018.9
AI‑Powered Credit Risk ModelingOpportunities · 06

AI‑Powered Credit Risk Modeling

159 papers

5.8% of this theme group

Research introduces deep‑learning frameworks for more accurate loan default prediction.

Credit risk (41) · Loan (23) · Gradient boosting (11) · Default (6)

A Dynamic Credit Risk Assessment Model Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning for next-generation credit risk assessment models

View research history
YearShare index
2022257.0
2023259.7
2024185.2
2025266.7
Enhanced Credit Card Fraud DetectionOpportunities · 07

Enhanced Credit Card Fraud Detection

140 papers

5.1% of this theme group

Papers develop improved machine‑learning pipelines to identify fraudulent card transactions.

Credit card fraud (122) · Credit card (108) · Computer security (34) · Database transaction (32)

An improved machine learning technique for credit card fraud detection

Enhancing Credit Card Fraud Detection: A Machine Learning Framework

View research history
YearShare index
2022858.0
2023882.7
2024837.4
2025537.3

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Promising36.2%36.9%
Problem-identifying19.8%9.8%
Descriptive19.5%17.4%
Breakthrough10.7%26.3%
Cautionary9.7%4.5%
Comparative2.6%4.1%
Critical1.4%0.9%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceFraud detections for online businesses: a perspective from blockchain technology2565.02%82 (32.0%)4.6%
Bias & fairnessEvaluating the fairness of credit scoring models: A literature review on mortgage accessibility for under-reserved popul150.29%8 (53.3%)0.14%
Concentration of compute powerRent Seeking by Low-Latency Traders: Evidence from Trading on Macroeconomic Announcements130.25%7 (53.8%)0.17%
Labour & data workEvaluating the Role of UPI in Fostering Economic Inclusion among Gig Workers in Mumbai City110.22%2 (18.2%)0.1%
Safety & misuseUses and Misuses of the Black-Litterman Model in Portfolio Construction60.12%2 (33.3%)0.08%
Energy & datacenter footprintEnergy Portfolio Optimization of Data Centers30.06%0 (0.0%)0.05%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainMobile Phone Repair as a Strategy for Reducing E-Waste, Enhancing Data Privacy, and Promoting Digital Sustainability in 20.04%0 (0.0%)0.01%
Carbon & emissions of computeRethinking portfolio design with sustainable AI and FinTech: dynamic spillovers in a quantile–frequency framework10.02%0 (0.0%)0.0%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.0%

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Fintech in San Francisco: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put San Francisco in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 5 August 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
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