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Funding and advertised pay are reported in USD; filed accounts retain their stated source currency and basis.

Exchange-rate basis

Indicative conversions use ECB reference rates dated 2026-09-14, applied consistently across all periods. They are not historical exchange rates. Indian rupees may use crore (1 crore = 10 million); other currencies use K, M and B. CSV downloads, source documents and quoted news headlines retain their original currencies.

THE SAN FRANCISCO EDITION 2026

San Francisco’s
internet of things - industry applications industry,
in focus.

The companies, capital and talent shaping internet of things - industry applications in San Francisco. Find the leaders. Understand the segments. See where the activity is.

Explore in Radar Read the key signals
Snapshot: Funding in USD
Illustrated cover for Internet of Things - Industry Applications Landscape of San Francisco
US
COMPANIES · CAPITAL · TALENT

An industry ecosystem,
measured in context.

Internet of Things - Industry Applications illustration
Companies tracked 435Internet of Things - Industry Applications ecosystem in San Francisco Disclosed funding $12.35B210 companies · all recorded rounds Companies hiring 29With open roles at the snapshot Tracked open roles 810 employers posted in the preceding 30 days
MEET THE COMPANIES

Explore San Francisco’s internet of things - industry applications leaders

24 featured companies from the funding, hiring, revenue and team-size leaderboards.

Expand panel +
Explore the full landscape
Internet of Things - Industry Applications company highlights in San Francisco, snapshot 3 September 2026
Company
Jawbonejawbone.com$1.27B—50—
World Labsworldlabs.ai$1.23B———
Fastlyfastly.com$1.05B9 roles779$624.02MFYFY2025 filing
Samsarasamsara.com$915M—2,266$1.25BFYFY2025 filing
Livongolivongo.com$720.2M—163$170.2MFYFY2019 filing
GoMotivegomotive.com$717.3M—4,300—
Tonaltonal.com$535M4 roles393—
SPANspan.io$421.81M—220—
Adura Technologiesacuitybrands.com—10 roles1,906$4.35BFYFY2025 filing
SafelyYousafely-you.com—9 roles85—
Element Scienceelementscience.com—5 roles74—
Hayden AIhayden.ai—4 roles82—
Sunflower Labssunflower-labs.com—4 roles30—
Verily Life Sciencesverilystudywatch.com—3 roles——
Anova Culinaryanovaculinary.com——54—
Biotricitybiotricity.com——55$13.79MFYFY2025 filing
Dittoditto.live——98—
Fitbitfitbit.com——1,134—
Glowglowing.com——7—
Molekulemolekule.com——92$616.51KFYFY2021 filing
Nymbleeatwithnymble.com——20Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
OpenSpaceopenspace.ai——117—
Profusaprofusa.com——15Financial figure available in RadarView in Radar
Tempotempo.fit——246—
24 featured companies

Locked revenue figures are available in Radar; the eight company financial previews stay the same throughout this page. A dash means the figure is outside these featured lists. Revenue years vary by company; the figures are not a like-for-like revenue comparison. Compare annual accounts ↗

Company discovery

Recorded evidence only
THE KEY SIGNALS

Internet of Things - Industry Applications industry KPIs in San Francisco

A few useful ratios bring the size of this ecosystem into perspective.

3 September 2026
Hiring participation6.7%

29 of 435 tracked companies have open roles.

Funding participation55.2%

240 of 435 tracked companies have a recorded round.

Top 3 funding share28.7%

Share of disclosed capital received by the three largest recorded recipients.

Median disclosed round$4.5M

Midpoint of 403 rounds with a disclosed amount.

Scale is concentrated. Opportunity is broader. The three largest funding recipients hold 28.7% of disclosed capital, while 44.8% of tracked companies have no recorded funding round.

Explore the segments →
CAPITAL & COMPANY FORMATION

How San Francisco internet of things - industry applications has grown

Recorded company formation and disclosed funding across the complete annual series shown.

Expand panel +
2016 — 2025

Disclosed funding by year

Sum of recorded funding rounds · USD

San Francisco internet of things - industry applications
$0$631.1M$1.26B$1.89B$2.52B2016: $735.09M20162017: $529.9M20172018: $813.85M20182019: $753.83M20192020: $1.65B20202021: $2.21B20212022: $626.51M20222023: $605.01M20232024: $473.84M20242025: $376.9M2025
View the numbers
Annual internet of things - industry applications funding and company formation in San Francisco
YearFunding (USD)FoundedRaising
2016$735.09M3648
2017$529.9M3752
2018$813.85M2250
2019$753.83M1842
2020$1.65B1935
2021$2.21B1635
2022$626.51M1325
2023$605.01M1125
2024$473.84M1415
2025$376.9M515
WHERE CAPITAL SITS

Funding concentration

Share of all disclosed company funding.

  • Jawbone10.3%
  • World Labs10.0%
  • Fastly8.5%
  • Other companies71.3%

Funding by stage

506 recorded rounds since 2016

NUMBER OF ROUNDS
Seed & Angel198 39.1%
Series A–B162 32.0%
Series C+ / PE68 13.4%
Grants, debt & other78 15.4%

Recent recorded rounds

Latest recorded rounds · USD
2 rounds

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Seed03/2026
Taya $5M

Backed by MaC Venture Capital and Female Founders Fund and others.

Series B03/2026
Flair Systems —

Backed by RectorSeal and Skyview Ventures and others.

Largest and notable recorded rounds

Each card is one recorded round
10 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Series F09/2019
Samsarasamsara.com$300M

Backed by Tiger Global Management and Dragoneer Investment Group and others.

Series E03/2021
Tonaltonal.com$250M

Backed by Dragoneer Investment Group and Cobalt Capital and others.

Series C02/2021
Tempotempo.fit$220M

Backed by Bling Capital and DCM Ventures and others.

Series C01/2026
SPANspan.io$163.25M

Participating investors were not recorded in this snapshot.

THE BUSINESS BEHIND THE ACTIVITY

Revenue, profitability & financial strength

Annual accounts for reporting companies linked to this landscape, on like-for-like currency and reporting bases.

Expand panel +
USD · millions · consolidated

Display conversions use the dated reference rates above. Where a verified rate is unavailable, figures retain their source currency. Each reporting cohort keeps its currency and accounting basis separate.

FY2025 · company accounts; aggregate reporting threshold not met · 5 reporting entities from 9 eligible matches.

Revenue in covered accounts—

Sum of reporting-entity revenue; not San Francisco market sales.

Net profit / loss—

Combined result for the same cohort.

Aggregate net margin—

Combined net income ÷ combined revenue.

Median company revenue—

The middle covered reporting entity.

Profitable entities—

None of 5 covered entities.

Top-five concentration—

Share of covered revenue from the five largest entities.

Annual account trend

Reported cohort totals by year; coverage is stated for every period.

Bar height shows revenue. Changes in coverage can affect totals.

Profitability has two perspectives

FY2025 · 5 reporting entities

Open the company accounts

Up to eight fixed company previews show financial amounts. Search and sort the wider company list, then continue in Radar.

5 reporting entities
Continue your financial research in Radar

Explore full company accounts and filings.

View financials in Radar ↗
SAN FRANCISCO · INDUSTRY COHORTS

How does internet of things - industry applications compare?

Each pair uses the same year, currency and reporting basis. Cohort overlap is disclosed.

IndustryCovered / eligibleRevenue totalMedian revenueNet profit / lossAggregate marginProfitable shareOverlap

Available-account cohorts are not estimates of whole industries. Overlapping entities can occur in more than one cohort; do not add cohort totals.

Coverage, calculations & financial sources

Filed annual accounts for exact designated national identifiers. Every aggregate and peer pair uses one fiscal year, source currency and reporting basis; periods, coverage and overlap are explicit; 2026 partials are excluded.

The same up to eight reporting entities remain open across years, filters and sorts. Other company figures are available in Radar.

Source currencies and accounting bases stay separate. Missing accounts are excluded rather than treated as zero. Exact reporting periods appear on company previews. Annual totals can change with coverage and do not measure growth of a fixed company cohort.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

Web traffic, app reach and release cadence

How the San Francisco companies on this page show up online: the sites people visit, the apps they install, and how often those apps ship.

Busiest websites

15 of the 435 companies on this page carry a measured traffic record (3.4%); these are the largest of those, by monthly visits. The median among them is 182,890 visits.

CompanyMonthly visitsAuthorityMobile
Samsarasamsara.com9,954,4135013.4%
Fitbitfitbit.com6,099,3245991.5%
Plaud.aiplaud.ai3,561,3975222.3%
eeroeero.com1,351,5745374.2%
Glowglowing.com976,3995691.6%
Tonaltonal.com479,3354977.7%
Anova Culinaryanovaculinary.com195,9134555%
Omiomi.me182,8903342.6%
OhmConnectohmconnect.com169,7533691.6%
iRhythm Techirhythmtech.com90,9884164.8%

Visits and authority are third-party web estimates, not company-reported figures.

Most-installed apps

91 of these companies (20.9%) publish at least one Android app — 138 apps in all, carrying 44M installs between them.

AppInstallsRatingStore category
eero wifi systemeero6.8M4.8Lifestyle
TrackView ViewerTrackView3.9M3.5Tools
Google ECG AppFitbit3.7M2.4Health & Fitness
Ovulation Tracker App | GlowGlow3.6M4Health & Fitness
IVY Wellness CoachBellabeat2.8M3.4Health & Fitness
Period Tracker App | Eve GlowGlow2.8M4Health & Fitness
Motive DriverGoMotive2.4M4.5Business
August HomeAugust1.7M4.3Lifestyle
Baby Tracker App | GlowGlow1.6M3.9Parenting
Pregnancy Tracker App | GlowGlow1.5M4.4Parenting

Installs are lifetime totals to date at the June 2026 store reading — a measure of reach, not of people using an app today.

App reach by segment

The busiest app inside each of this page’s own segments, with the quarterly release trend behind it (2023Q3–2026Q2).

SegmentAppsInstallsLeading appRelease trend
Wearable Technology6322.4MGoogle ECG App 3.7M
Disease Self Management3416.8MOvulation Tracker App | Glow 3.6M
Smart Homes4116.7Meero wifi system 6.8M
Online Mom & Baby Care1014.9MIVY Wellness Coach 2.8M
Security & Surveillance Technology2110.8MTrackView Viewer 3.9M
Internet Of Things Infrastructure46.8MWiFi Aware Checker 3.3K
Consumer Electronics E-Commerce176.1MAnova Culinary 1.3M
Connected Vehicles154.5MMotive Driver 2.4M

A company can carry several segment tags, so these rows overlap and should not be added together. Trend lines are zero-based and share one quarter grid, so a flat line is a quiet segment, not a missing one.

Release cadence by quarter

New apps published, beside apps whose most recent update landed in that quarter — the second bar is how much of the shelf is still being maintained.

2023Q1: 12023Q1: 22023Q12023Q2: 52023Q2: 12023Q22023Q3: 52023Q3: 02023Q32023Q4: 42023Q4: 32023Q42024Q2: 12024Q2: 12024Q22024Q3: 22024Q3: 82024Q32024Q4: 52024Q4: 42024Q42025Q1: 12025Q1: 52025Q12025Q2: 22025Q2: 42025Q22025Q3: 12025Q3: 92025Q32025Q4: 22025Q4: 212025Q42026Q1: 12026Q1: 112026Q1

Darker bars are new releases, lighter bars apps updated. 130 of 138 apps carry a release date. The series ends at 2026Q1, the last quarter that closed before the June 2026 reading.

INSIDE THE INDUSTRY

The San Francisco internet of things - industry applications market map

Explore the segments behind the headline numbers.

Expand panel +

Where companies are building

Rank segments by scale, hiring or disclosed funding.

Consumer digital237
Enterprise tech232
Consumer internet of things224
Iot in healthcare142
Healthtech137
Medical devices101
Enterprise software90
Iot in retail81
Saas68
Deep tech67
Non-invasive health monitoring devices63
Chronic disease management62

Companies can sit in several segments. Counts and funding overlap.

SEGMENT TO EXPLORE

Consumer digital

The largest measured segment in this report snapshot.

237companies
4.2%have hiring activity

10 companies hiring · $5.48B disclosed funding

Explore in Radar

How companies make money

Common revenue models; a company can use more than one.

Subscription325
E-commerce - product94
Physical commerce84
Commission on transaction24
Fee-for-service10
Advertising7
E-commerce - service7
Licensing1
THE COMPANIES IN MOTION

Who is listing, hiring leaders, launching and winning work

Recorded corporate activity linked to companies in this landscape.

Expand panel +
Recent corporate headlines 10 dated reports
Mergers & acquisitionsprofusa.com ↗

Profusa, Inc. (“Profusa” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: PFSA), a commercial stage digital health company pioneering the next generation of technology platform enabling the continuous monitoring of an individual’s biochemistry, today announced a strategic expansion into molecular diagnostics through a Letter of Intent to acquire the PanOmics™ multi-omics diagnostics platform from BioInsights LLC (“BioInsights”).

Funding roundsgetelva.com ↗

The round was led by Lifeline Ventures, known for backing companies such as Oura, Supercell, and Wolt in their early stages. Additional investors include Tiny VC, Wave Ventures, and First Fellow Partners, alongside several angel investors, including Cal Henderson, the co-founder of Slack.

Funding roundsditto.live ↗

One of the two green SMEs funded by Aséli so far is Ditto, an oat milk–based gelato and chocolate company from Cape Town, and this investment has partly fuelled a full‑scale factory to help the company expand its operations.

Funding roundswispr.ai ↗

The round comes just months after Wispr’s $30 million Series A.

Funding roundsfastly.com ↗

Fastly, Inc., a provider of cloud-based solutions, announced the issuance of additional $20 million worth of 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2030, as part of a private offering initially closed on December 9, 2025.

Funding roundssunflower-labs.com ↗

Sunflower Labs, led by co‑founder & CEO Alex Pachikov, announced three major milestones: a nationwide FAA approval to operate BVLOS (beyond visual line of sight) in nearly all U.S. locations, a new interactive property‑configuration tool, and a $16 million Series B funding round led by Sequoia Capital alongside Alarm.com, DRONE FUND, Gentian Investments, Wakestream Ventures, Atlas Ventures and Daybreak Ventures.

Mergers & acquisitionspopulus.ai ↗

IPS Group, Inc. (ipsgroupinc.com), a leader in smart parking and curb management solutions, announced the acquisition of Populus Technologies, Inc. (populus.ai), a pioneering provider of transportation data and global leader in mobility and curb management solutions.

Mergers & acquisitionsopenspace.ai ↗

OpenSpace has acquired Disperse, the company behind the construction progress tracking technology that powers OpenSpace Progress Tracking, launched in June 2025 to help construction teams identify productivity issues earlier in projects.

Mergers & acquisitionspromptai.co ↗

ELD Asset Management has released an assessment of Apple Inc.’s ongoing negotiations to acquire Prompt AI, identifying the potential deal as a focused transaction aimed at enhancing on-device intelligence and strengthening developer-facing tools.

Funding roundsremix.com ↗

Newark-based Remix (formerly known as Farcade) has secured $5 million from Variant VC, CRIT Ventures, and four other investors to build advanced AI assistants.

Full recorded event mix

Top 10 categories among 241 recorded events in the 24-month window.

Earnings
103
Leadership moves
45
Funding rounds
24
Mergers & acquisitions
22
Company announcements
18
Lawsuit
7
New products
7
Contracts
5
Asset acquisitions
4
Regulatory
2
6 activity cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Leadership moves

10 tracked people moves

Fastly ↗
Joan Jenkins

Appointment Chief Marketing Officer

Motor Q ↗
Adi Bhashyam

Appointment President

Tonal ↗
Darren MacDonald

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

Tonal ↗
Todd Bartee

Appointment Chief Executive Officer

Versus ↗
Michele Fino

Appointment Head of Content Partnerships

Fastly ↗
Rachel Ler

Appointment Area Vice President of Asia

Ditto ↗
Yaniv Erel

Appointment Chief Technology Officer

abode ↗
Keelea Badham

Appointment national account manager

Product launches

Products, platforms and features in the recorded window

Profusa ↗
next-gen physician portal

Physician portal

Voyomotive ↗
VOYOLink

Connected vehicle platform

Contract wins

4 recorded customer wins

Versus ↗

Customer: FDJ UnitedDigital marketing

Customer: bridgepointe technologiesData Center Infrastructure Management

Samsara ↗

Customer: together ai

Customer: biointellisenseMedical Technology

Workforce actions

2 companies with reported reductions

Fitbit ↗

110 roleslower demand

Automatic ↗

Scale not stated roles

Regulatory events

2 recorded events

approved to operate across 99% of the U.S.Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Biotricity ↗

FDA clearanceFDA

Litigation

6 tracked suits

Company
iRhythm shareholders v irhythm technologies

securities fraudSecurities Fraud · Ongoing

Company
hayden ai v Chris Carson

proprietary information theftCivil · Filed

Earnings pulse

Reported company results in the recorded window.

7companies
115period observations
21.9%median reported growth

Median across 86 reported growth observations; companies may contribute multiple periods.

Mergers and acquisitions

Company-linked deal reports; status is preserved as recorded.

Acquirer → targetStatusDateValue / context
Profusa→BioInsights LLCAnnounced2026-04-06$30.0M
OpenSpace→disperseAnnounced2026-01-21Not stated in snapshot
google→Fitbit ↗Completed2026-01-14$2.1B
ips group→Populus ↗Announced2025-11-04Not stated in snapshot
Apple Inc.→Prompt AI ↗Announced2025-10-17Not stated in snapshot
Third and Grove→Elva ↗Announced2025-10-01Not stated in snapshot

A discussion or rumour is not a completed transaction. An unstated value is not zero.

PEOPLE & OPPORTUNITY

The talent market

701 postings in the preceding 12 months. The full 1,384-posting snapshot covers 66 employers.

Expand panel +

Most advertised job titles

Vp, Marketing11
Remote Junior Dispatcher For Non Emergency Medical Transportation (Nemt)7
Program Manager, Training Governance6
Engineering Manager, State Estimation6
Account Executive5
Patient Care Coordinator5
0 internship postings

77 tracked postings mention remote work.

The seniority mix

339 postings specify a level.

unspecified
1,045
manager
157
senior
146
lead
20
intern
9
entry
7

Skills employers mention

Top skills across 1,384 tracked postings in the available jobs snapshot.

Python
62
React
30
Typescript
28
Javascript
27
Aws
24
C++
20
Gcp
18
Salesforce
17
Pytorch
14
Java
14
ADVERTISED PAY$92.6K/ year

Median across 54 postings with pay data, expressed in USD.

THE PEOPLE BUILDING THE FIELD

Founders and leaders

361 founders and chief executives across 243 companies.

Expand panel +
12 profiles

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Education networks

110 profiles with education records.

Stanford University
35
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
16
University of California (Berkeley)
16
University of Pennsylvania
11
Harvard University
6
Columbia University
6
Harvard Business School
5
Wharton School
4

Prior employers

36 profiles with prior-work records.

Google
9
Cisco
7
Microsoft
5
McKinsey
5
Facebook
4
Amazon
4
Intel
3
Paypal
1

Profiles cover recorded founders and leaders; contact details remain in Radar.

NEWS INTELLIGENCE

How this industry appears in the news

11,317 articles in the measured 12-month window.

Expand panel +
11,317articles in the measured year
2,803articles in 2026Q1
73.2%positive tone in the latest complete year

News volume trends

Internet of Things - Industry Applications coverage tagged San Francisco · articles per complete quarter

01,1802,3603,5414,7212021Q2: 1,1402021Q22021Q3: 1,6732021Q4: 1,1832022Q1: 1,9062022Q2: 1,6232022Q22022Q3: 1,6902022Q4: 2,0642023Q1: 2,8332023Q2: 4,1052023Q22023Q3: 2,6792023Q4: 2,9172024Q1: 2,5142024Q2: 2,5072024Q22024Q3: 2,4772024Q4: 2,3562025Q1: 3,2332025Q2: 2,4722025Q22025Q3: 3,5782025Q4: 2,4112026Q1: 2,8032026Q1
View quarterly article counts
QuarterArticles
2021Q21,140
2021Q31,673
2021Q41,183
2022Q11,906
2022Q21,623
2022Q31,690
2022Q42,064
2023Q12,833
2023Q24,105
2023Q32,679
2023Q42,917
2024Q12,514
2024Q22,507
2024Q32,477
2024Q42,356
2025Q13,233
2025Q22,472
2025Q33,578
2025Q42,411
2026Q12,803

Article volume measures coverage, not market sales.

Tone of coverage over time

2021
3,420 positive · 32 neutral · 812 negative
2022
5,237 positive · 56 neutral · 1,988 negative
2023
8,769 positive · 83 neutral · 3,677 negative
2024
7,113 positive · 29 neutral · 2,707 negative
2025
8,554 positive · 42 neutral · 3,093 negative

Leading coverage topics

Internet of Things - Industry Applications coverage tagged San Francisco · ranked by full-period article count.

Artificial Intelligence Advancements32,181 articles in the full recorded period
12,544 recent · 8,935 prior
New Product Launches And Innovations29,048 articles in the full recorded period
8,104 recent · 6,594 prior
Technology Adoption And Digital Transformation23,826 articles in the full recorded period
6,603 recent · 5,645 prior
Strategic Partnerships And Collaborations21,610 articles in the full recorded period
6,081 recent · 4,911 prior
Electric Vehicle (Ev) Technology18,387 articles in the full recorded period
3,813 recent · 4,154 prior
Automotive Industry Market Trends15,533 articles in the full recorded period
2,810 recent · 3,920 prior
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure13,563 articles in the full recorded period
2,676 recent · 2,961 prior
Semiconductor Industry Updates13,539 articles in the full recorded period
5,147 recent · 3,401 prior
Latest Gadgets And Consumer Electronics12,557 articles in the full recorded period
3,473 recent · 2,524 prior
Tech Policy And Government Regulations11,070 articles in the full recorded period
2,993 recent · 2,974 prior

Recent and prior counts use the source comparison windows.

Topics gaining and losing attention

United States comparison coverage

KeywordRecentPriorChange
cloud infrastructure1,65094375%
ai copyright issues817380115%
green data centers80150858%
new gadgets69446450%
ai liability668230190%
h-1b visa52549971%
ip litigation505451022%
job cuts494227118%
workforce reduction480190153%
restructuring layoff470185154%
drone defense587982-40%
tariff negotiations548944-42%
faa drone rules401899-55%
drone airspace rules391883-56%
political reporting244748-67%

Event and signal lenses

United States comparison coverage

All complete annual cohorts shown
Rising

Regulatory Risk

292,708 classified articles

ai regulation compliance, responsible ai, ai research

54.3% critical · 40.1% positive
Rising

Funding Momentum

61,811 classified articles

ai infrastructure financing, neural network ventures, ai chip investments

46.7% critical · 56.4% positive
Rising

Growth

148,666 classified articles

vehicle sales forecasts, automotive segment growth, automotive industry reports

38.8% critical · 49.3% positive

Internet of Things - Industry Applications coverage tagged San Francisco. Topic labels describe recorded classifications and can include broad context.

RESEARCH SIGNALS

What Internet of Things - Industry Applications research is working on

5,209 papers in the recorded india scope.

Expand panel +
5,209papers
53,452worldwide comparison pool
5,209India-affiliated papers

Research orientation

Breakthrough
2,511
Promising
1,433
Problem-identifying
608
Descriptive
389
Comparative
126
Cautionary
122
Critical
20

Contribution mix

Methods-led
3,593
Reviews
730
Empirical
596
Position pieces
244
Theoretical
46

Tone counts: 4,905 positive · 51 neutral · 253 negative.

Common problems researchers identify
628 papers · 12.1% of this field
  • Internet of Things304 papers
  • Computer security122 papers
  • Cloud computing66 papers
  • Wireless sensor network66 papers
  • Smart city49 papers
  • Big data48 papers
  • Software deployment48 papers
  • Computer network37 papers

Landmark: Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey

Cautions
122 papers · 2.3% of this field
  • Internet of Things45 papers
  • Computer security15 papers
  • Cloud computing12 papers
  • Software deployment7 papers
  • Intrusion detection system7 papers
  • Wireless7 papers
  • Blockchain6 papers
  • Computer network6 papers

Landmark: DDoS in the IoT: Mirai and Other Botnets

Opportunities
3,944 papers · 75.7% of this field
  • Internet of Things1,376 papers
  • Wireless sensor network753 papers
  • Wireless438 papers
  • Scalability372 papers
  • Cloud computing275 papers
  • Software deployment267 papers
  • Computer security237 papers
  • Computer network235 papers

Landmark: Fog computing and its role in the internet of things

Leading institutions

Georgia Institute of Technology
17,309
University of California, Berkeley
12,939
Cisco Systems
10,717
University of Washington
10,438
Carnegie Mellon University
9,819
Western Michigan University
9,666

Leading researchers

Mohsen Guizani
12,396
Ala Al‐Fuqaha
12,169
Mehdi Mohammadi
9,118
Moussa Ayyash
8,393
Mohammed Aledhari
8,137
Li Da Xu
7,449
Taewoo Nam
6,339
Rodolfo Milito
6,219

Highly cited breakthrough-labelled papers

  • XORs in the Air: Practical Wireless Network Coding2,264 citations
  • De-anonymizing Social Networks1,317 citations
  • Mobile Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Energy-Efficient Internet of Things Communications1,089 citations
  • TinyECC: A Configurable Library for Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Wireless Sensor Networks921 citations
  • Minimizing age of information in vehicular networks898 citations

Common problems researchers identify

589 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Interoperability and Data ManagementCommon problems researchers identify · 01

Interoperability and Data Management

136 papers

23.1% of this theme group

Researchers highlight difficulties linking IoT devices with cloud platforms and handling massive data streams.

Internet of Things (119) · Cloud computing (24) · Interoperability (13) · Big data (18)

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

Health Monitoring and Management Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Sensing with Cloud-Based Processing: Opportunities and Challenges

View research history
YearShare index
20221354.9
20231319.1
20241235.7
20251423.2
IoT Security VulnerabilitiesCommon problems researchers identify · 02

IoT Security Vulnerabilities

117 papers

19.9% of this theme group

Papers point to persistent threats, weak authentication, and intrusion detection challenges in IoT deployments.

Internet of Things (94) · Computer security (56) · Intrusion detection system (13) · Vulnerability (9)

A Survey of Machine and Deep Learning Methods for Internet of Things (IoT) Security

Security of IoT systems: Design challenges and opportunities

View research history
YearShare index
20221458.0
20231486.8
20241381.6
2025747.7
Edge Devices and WearablesCommon problems researchers identify · 03

Edge Devices and Wearables

107 papers

18.2% of this theme group

Studies discuss constraints of drones, wearables, and edge computing for reliable IoT operation.

Cloud computing (18) · Wearable computer (10) · Drone (7) · Wearable technology (7)

Mobile crowdsensing: current state and future challenges

Machine Learning at the Network Edge: A Survey

View research history
YearShare index
20221301.5
20231274.3
20241191.0
20251353.4
Wireless Sensor Network ReliabilityCommon problems researchers identify · 04

Wireless Sensor Network Reliability

89 papers

15.1% of this theme group

Works identify key distribution and communication reliability issues within sensor network infrastructures.

Wireless sensor network (58) · Computer network (32) · Wireless (28) · Key distribution in wireless sensor networks (13)

A Survey of Intrusion Detection Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks

Security in wireless sensor networks

View research history
YearShare index
20222038.9
20231899.8
20241439.0
20251142.5
Privacy and Data ProtectionCommon problems researchers identify · 05

Privacy and Data Protection

65 papers

11.0% of this theme group

Authors examine emerging privacy threats and gaps in safeguarding IoT-collected information.

Internet privacy (34) · Information privacy (19) · Computer security (41) · Internet of Things (42)

A Comprehensive Study of Security of Internet-of-Things

The Effect of IoT New Features on Security and Privacy: New Threats, Existing Solutions, and Challenges Yet to Be Solved

View research history
YearShare index
20221571.6
20231590.9
20241471.9
2025742.4
Smart City Data IntegrationCommon problems researchers identify · 06

Smart City Data Integration

51 papers

8.7% of this theme group

Research notes challenges in merging big‑data sources and ensuring sustainable governance for smart cities.

Smart city (33) · Big data (11) · Sustainability (6) · Government (5)

Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework

What makes a city smart? Identifying core components and proposing an integrative and comprehensive conceptualization

View research history
YearShare index
2022405.0
2023417.3
2024391.9
2025544.2
Blockchain for IoT Supply ChainsCommon problems researchers identify · 07

Blockchain for IoT Supply Chains

24 papers

4.1% of this theme group

Papers flag scalability and security concerns when applying blockchain to IoT‑enabled logistics.

Blockchain (18) · Computer security (13) · Internet of Things (17) · Supply chain (4)

Applications of Blockchains in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey

Blockchain Applications for Industry 4.0 and Industrial IoT: A Review

View research history
YearShare index
20221570.3
20231606.2
20241540.1
20251048.0

Cautions

116 papers · 4 recurring themes
4 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

Healthcare IoT RisksCautions · 01

Healthcare IoT Risks

36 papers

31.0% of this theme group

Studies caution about reliability, privacy, and regulatory hurdles in medical IoT applications.

Internet of Things (23) · Health care (7) · Cloud computing (8) · Emerging technologies (4)

Assuring assistance to healthcare and medicine: Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Intelligence of Things

Portable Intrusion Detection in IoT Enabled Smart City Networks: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Models

View research history
YearShare index
20221333.8
20231308.3
20241253.4
20251402.4
Wireless Interference and MalwareCautions · 02

Wireless Interference and Malware

31 papers

26.7% of this theme group

Works warn of protocol incompatibilities and malware propagation in dense wireless sensor environments.

Wireless (8) · Computer network (6) · Wireless sensor network (8) · Malware (3)

A Comprehensive Analysis of the MAC Unreliability Problem in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks

Harmful Coexistence Between 802.15.4 and 802.11: A Measurement-based Study

View research history
YearShare index
20222038.9
20231899.8
20241439.0
20251142.5
Supply‑Chain Integration PitfallsCautions · 03

Supply‑Chain Integration Pitfalls

26 papers

22.4% of this theme group

Authors advise careful assessment of security and operational risks when merging IoT with supply‑chain processes.

Internet of Things (20) · Computer security (11) · Supply chain (3) · Blockchain (4)

Examining potential benefits and challenges associated with the Internet of Things integration in supply chains

The Intersection of IoT, Marketing, and Cybersecurity: Advantages and Threats for Business Strategy

View research history
YearShare index
20221570.3
20231606.2
20241540.1
20251048.0
Low‑Cost Air Quality SensorsCautions · 04

Low‑Cost Air Quality Sensors

23 papers

19.8% of this theme group

Research highlights accuracy limits and maintenance challenges of inexpensive pollution monitoring devices.

Sustainability (3) · Particulates (3) · Air pollution (3) · Smart city (3)

Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project: evaluation of low-costsensor performance in a suburban environment in the southeastern Uni

Air Pollution Monitoring Using Cost-Effective Devices Enhanced by Machine Learning

View research history
YearShare index
2022131.3
2023168.0
2024182.3
2025262.7

Opportunities

3,754 papers · 7 recurring themes
7 cards

Swipe or scroll horizontally to browse.

IoT for Precision AgricultureOpportunities · 01

IoT for Precision Agriculture

1,002 papers

26.7% of this theme group

Papers explore sensor networks and cloud analytics to optimize farming inputs and yields.

Internet of Things (743) · Embedded system (109) · Cloud computing (98) · Agriculture (42)

Smart Infrastructure: Leveraging IoT and AI for Predictive Maintenance in Urban Facilities

Sustainable Resource Optimization Using IoT and Smart Environmental Monitors in Urban Infrastructure Projects

View research history
YearShare index
20221709.5
20231700.1
20241643.0
20251569.2
Energy‑Aware Wireless Sensor NetworksOpportunities · 02

Energy‑Aware Wireless Sensor Networks

724 papers

19.3% of this theme group

Studies propose joint data collection and power provisioning methods to extend sensor network lifetimes.

Wireless sensor network (580) · Wireless (235) · Key distribution in wireless sensor networks (58) · Computer network (157)

Joint Mobile Data Gathering and Energy Provisioning in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

A Framework of Joint Mobile Energy Replenishment and Data Gathering in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

View research history
YearShare index
20221421.2
20231312.7
2024978.5
2025939.7
Scalable Smart‑City ServicesOpportunities · 03

Scalable Smart‑City Services

715 papers

19.0% of this theme group

Research presents robust deployment frameworks for large‑scale urban IoT applications.

Software deployment (75) · Smart city (45) · Scalability (76) · Robustness (38)

Efficient Multisensor Localization for the Internet of Things: Exploring a New Class of Scalable Localization Algorithms

Environment-Tolerant Trust Opportunity Routing Based on Reinforcement Learning for Internet of Underwater Things

View research history
YearShare index
2022490.7
2023501.2
2024359.5
2025805.4
AI‑Driven Intrusion DetectionOpportunities · 04

AI‑Driven Intrusion Detection

586 papers

15.6% of this theme group

Works develop deep‑learning models to identify anomalies and protect IoT infrastructures.

Internet of Things (413) · Intrusion detection system (147) · Computer security (168) · Anomaly detection (69)

DL‐IDS: a deep learning–based intrusion detection framework for securing IoT

An Explainable Deep Learning Framework for Resilient Intrusion Detection in IoT-Enabled Transportation Networks

View research history
YearShare index
20221498.8
20231526.7
20241420.8
2025830.1
Advanced Wearable SensingOpportunities · 05

Advanced Wearable Sensing

364 papers

9.7% of this theme group

Papers showcase flexible, triboelectric‑based devices for continuous health monitoring.

Wearable computer (94) · Wireless (139) · Wearable technology (37) · Triboelectric effect (21)

A highly sensitive and multiplexed wireless sensing system with skin-like compliance and stretchability for wearable applications

From Wearables to Implantables: Harnessing Sensor Technologies for Continuous Health Monitoring

View research history
YearShare index
20221284.9
20231195.7
2024890.3
2025836.2
Edge Computing for Smart GridsOpportunities · 06

Edge Computing for Smart Grids

185 papers

4.9% of this theme group

Studies demonstrate edge‑centric architectures that enhance real‑time control of energy systems.

Edge computing (118) · Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (118) · Edge device (36) · Cloud computing (63)

Design and Simulation of a Hybrid Smart Grid Energy System Using Edge Computing and IoT-Based Control Architectures

Autonomous AI Systems for Edge Computing and IoT Environments: Enhancing Intelligence at the Edge

View research history
YearShare index
2022323.9
2023324.2
2024283.4
2025346.8
Secure Blockchain IoT FrameworksOpportunities · 07

Secure Blockchain IoT Frameworks

178 papers

4.7% of this theme group

Research introduces cryptographic protocols to ensure trustworthy IoT interactions across supply chains.

Blockchain (106) · Internet of Things (87) · Supply chain (19) · Cryptography (20)

Hybrid Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Internet of Things (IoT) Networks (HB-IoT): A Novel Approach

A Secure Framework for Authenticating and Controlling Access to IoT Devices Integrated with Blockchain

View research history
YearShare index
2022625.3
2023666.3
2024734.8
2025726.1

How this field compares with the research baseline

Orientation shares compared with 25,000 papers in the reference sample.

Research orientationThis fieldReference sample
Breakthrough48.2%26.2%
Promising27.5%37.0%
Problem-identifying11.7%9.6%
Descriptive7.5%17.8%
Comparative2.4%4.0%
Cautionary2.3%4.4%
Critical0.4%1.0%

Concerns receiving less research attention

Counts and shares refer to the stated research pool. A low count describes how much of that research is recorded here, not the absence of a real-world concern.

Concern / example paperPapersShareRaised as a problemWorldwide share
Privacy & surveillanceA Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Internet-of-Things3757.61%111 (29.6%)6.25%
Energy & datacenter footprintEnergy-Efficient Fog Computing for 6G-Enabled Massive IoT: Recent Trends and Future Opportunities330.67%2 (6.1%)0.59%
Safety & misuseIntelligent Network Traffic Anomaly Detection Using ML Algorithms90.18%1 (11.1%)0.11%
Hardware, e-waste & supply chainRobotic Solutions for Sustainable Harvesting Using AI and IoT for Reducing Labor and Resource Waste in Farming40.08%0 (0.0%)0.11%
Carbon & emissions of computeSustainable AI: Energy-Efficient Algorithms for Edge Computing in IoT Networks20.04%0 (0.0%)0.02%
Water use00.0%0 (%)0.01%
Labour & data work00.0%0 (%)0.0%
Bias & fairness00.0%0 (%)0.04%
Concentration of compute power00.0%0 (%)0.03%

Research orientation and citation rankings describe the covered collection. Its recorded publication dates do not support an overall publication-volume trend.

Institution and researcher rankings use citations to their covered work. Research scope: United States. This may be broader than the company geography.

INNOVATION SIGNALS

Who files Internet of Things - Industry Applications patents in San Francisco

Published patent filings in the recorded source window.

Expand panel +
202filings 2016–2025
3assignees
25peak annual filings

Filing momentum

071422292016: 2120162017: 252018: 2520182019: 242020: 2220202021: 242022: 1520222023: 122024: 1720242025: 172025

Who files the most

Square
164
Samsara
51
Standard Cognition
19
UNDERSTAND THE LANDSCAPE

Internet of Things - Industry Applications in San Francisco: key questions

Clear definitions for making better comparisons.

What does this landscape measure?

It measures the tracked company ecosystem, recorded funding, hiring and other available evidence. It is not a market-size estimate.

Can segment counts be added together?

No. A company can belong to several segments, so segment counts and funding can overlap.

What does a missing figure mean?

A dash or unavailable panel means the current reviewed source snapshot does not support that figure.

KEEP EXPLORING

Put San Francisco in context

All landscapes ↗

Company ecosystem snapshot: 3 September 2026. Funding is recorded in USD; filed accounts retain their stated currency and reporting basis. Each section identifies its own coverage. The news and research behind these sections is explorable in Prism.

Canonical landscape ↗
Coming soon